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- mc-Si: Relation Between Ingot Quality and Cell Efficiency
- In this paper results from two types of ingots denominated A and B are presented. Because many studies focus on material with high concentrations of a particular kind of defect, a characterization of commonly used mc-Si also helps to put such studies into context. This paper reports only on the...
- White papers 2002-10-08
- Long-Term Stability and Efficiency of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
- The aim of this paper has been a high reproducibility in order to investigate the small deviations that occur upon degradation. In addition, nc-DSCs with improved cell design but same materials have been manufactured in a similar manner (2.5 cm2 active areas per cells) with the aim to reach optimum...
- White papers 2001-10-31
- Development and Applications for PV Thermal
- PV thermal collectors produce both electricity and heat simultaneously. The efficiency curves of three different collector concepts have been calculated. These curves have been used in a numerical systems study in which these collectors were used for hot tap water or domestic heating, either with or without a heat pump....
- White papers 2001-10-29
- Towards a Streamlined CDM Process for Solar Home Systems
- Solar home systems are an excellent fit for the Clean Development Mechanism under the Kyoto Protocol because they directly displace greenhouse gas emissions while contributing to sustainable rural development. Selling emission reduction credits under the CDM could provide additional revenues for SHSs. However, high transaction costs related to CDM procedures...
- White papers 2001-11-30
- PV Mobi: PV Modules Optimized for Building Integration
- Semi-transparent PV-modules can be seen as multi purpose, synergetic building elements: apart from being electricity generators they fully need to meet the complex of demands to function as light- admitting façade, window, and roof or shading elements. For the admittance of sunlight an adequate balance between passive solar gains (heating...
- White papers 2001-05-01
- Medium-Term Solar Heat Storage in a Water Filled Bag Tank
- In a project conducted in a test house on the grounds of ECN, the application of a water filled bag tank for medium-term storage of heat for domestic space heating and hot tap water is tested and optimized. Acceptable values of the heat capacity and the thermal resistance between the...
- White papers 2001-06-01
- Combined PV-Air Collector as Heat Pump Air Preheater
- A PV laminate converts roughly 15% of the incoming radiation into electricity, but a far larger part of roughly 65% of the incoming radiation is converted into heat. In order to test if this heat can be collected and used as a source for a heat pump, a system of...
- White papers 2003-01-06
- Insects Cause Double Stall
- Several large commercial wind turbines demonstrate drops in maximum power levels up to 45%, under apparently equal conditions. A number of hypotheses was formulated, three of which were useful. By performing stall flag measurements, as well as two other experiments, one of the three hypotheses was confirmed: the Insect Hypothesis....
- White papers 2001-09-26
- Inviscid Stall Model
- This paper focuses on Snel's boundary layer model on rotational effects which gave the first estimate of three-dimensional effects in stall, which have been valuable understanding rotor behavior. The reason for an alternative model was to include the often observed and intuitively expected radial flow. The paper models the separated...
- White papers 2001-09-26
- Novel Views on the Extraction of Energy From Wind: Heat Generation and Terrain Concentration
- This paper shows that an actuator disk operating in wind turbine mode extracts more energy from the fluid than can be transferred into useful energy. At the Lanchester-Betz limit the decrease of the kinetic energy in the wind is converted by 2/3 into useful power and by 1/3 into heat....
- White papers 2001-09-26
- Application of an Advanced Cost Model in the Different Design Phases of an Offshore Wind Turbine
- This paper describes the Dutch Offshore Wind Energy Converter DOWEC project in general, focusing at the cost modeling aspects including some preliminary results. The wind turbine will not be treated as an isolated system. Designs of different wind turbine concepts will be evaluated as an integral part of the complete...
- White papers 2001-09-26
- Development of Wind Turbine Control Algorithms for Industrial Use
- In this paper a tool has been developed for design of industry-ready control algorithms. These pertain to the prevailing wind turbine type: variable speed, active pitch to vane. Main control objectives are rotor speed regulation, energy yield optimization and structural fatigue reduction. These objectives are satisfied through individually tunable control...
- White papers 2001-09-26
- Performance Evaluation Methods for Autonomous, Applications Orientated Wind Turbine Systems
- This paper describes the development of methods for the power performance evaluation of autonomous wind turbine systems designed for electricity production. Three system types have been investigated. The emphasis was on the evaluation of the effect of the electrical load on the power production of the turbine. Measurements and simulations...
- White papers 2001-09-26
- Numerical Optimization for Wind Turbine Design, Based on Aero-Elastic Analysis
- This paper is about the on going development of the design optimization tool HATOPT at ECN. It describes the development of the HATOPT code which has been made during the SITEOPT project. The HATOPT code is based on the BLADOPT code which did not make use of a sophisticated aero-elastic...
- White papers 2001-09-26
- Co-Production of Bio-Ethanol, Electricity and Heat From Biomass Wastes: Potential and R&D Issues
- This paper focuses on Large-scale application of bio-ethanol as a transportation fuel which can contribute substantially to the reduction of CO2 emissions and other emissions (SO2, NOx) from the transport sector. Worldwide, 17 million tons/year of fuel ethanol are currently produced from agro-feedstock such as corn, sugar cane, sugar beet...
- White papers 2001-04-01
- Key Technical and Non-Technical Challenges for Mass Deployment of Photovoltaic Solar Energy (PV)
- This paper focuses on Photovoltaic solar energy PV which is used for direct conversion of sunlight into electricity. It is not to be confused with low-temperature thermal solar energy (e.g. solar domestic hot water systems) and with solar electricity production using a conventional high-temperature steam cycle (using parabolic troughs or...
- White papers 2001-12-10
- A New Low-Cost Modular Inverter Using Advanced ASIC Control: Rigorous Performance Tests Result in Rapid Adaptation to Market Demands
- In this paper, Laboratory tests on a new modular inverter using an application-specific integrated circuit are discussed. The inverter design is optimized for Ascom's large-scale telecom production facilities. The ASIC is developed by means of sophisticated simulation tools and is the key controlling unit in the design. Special attention is...
- White papers 2001-10-29
- Comparison of Emitters Diffused Using an IR Belt Furnace and a POCL3 System
- In this study emitters diffused using an infrared IR lamp heated belt furnace are compared to emitters made with a POCl3 system. Emitter diffusion in an IR belt furnace was optimized in such a way that the results on multi-crystalline solar cells can compete with those for cells made using...
- White papers 2001-10-29
- On Combining Surface and Bulk Passivation of Sinx: H Layers for mc-Si Solar Cells
- A route, as followed by ECN, is described for development of SiNx:H layers deposited by microwave MW PECVD, which are suited for surface and bulk passivation of mc-Si solar cells. This paper focuses on surface passivation and this resulted in the development of SiN layers that were Si-rich and where...
- White papers 2002-06-25
- Conductive Adhesives for Low-Stress Interconnection of Thin Back-Contact Solar Cells
- This paper studies stress on thin rear contacted cells and joints for traditional soldering and conductive adhesives. An overview of conductive adhesives systems will be presented with pros and cons for the use in PV modules. The ideal low-stress process for interconnection of ultra-thin solar cells with the use of...
- White papers 2002-05-01
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