The Idea in Brief Managers have tough jobs: Under intense pressure to make decisions with incomplete information, even the best among us make mistakes. The good news? Evidence abounds to help us make the right choices....
Evidence-based approaches those explicitly linked to the best available scientific evidence and reflecting community preferences and feasibility are increasingly used to inform health policy decision making on the burden of a disease attributable to particular causes, interventions and policies that might work to confront those causes, and issues of community...
Case study evidence suggests that exporting firms learn from their clients. But econometric evidence, mostly using exporting and TFP growth, is mixed. We use a UK panel data set with firm-level information on exporting and productivity. Our innovation is that we also have direct data on the sources of learning...
This paper analyzes why leverage affects the pricing decisions of firms that can raise future profits by cutting their prices in order to attract additional customers. The analysis yields evidence of two fundamental effects. A levered firm not only discounts future profits at a rate adjusted for the risk of...
According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, of the 2.4 million U.S. deaths in 2000, 400,000 were associated with unhealthy diet and lack of physical activity. These are deaths related to the particular way in which civilization has "progressed" upon this planet: high-fat, high-carbohydrate fast foods devoid...
Medical practices, clinical practice guidelines, clinical performance measures and measurements, and a variety of health care related administrative decisions, such as insurance coverage decisions, are claiming to be "evidence based" with increasing frequency. This paper examines the "evidence based" label; discuss how evidence ought to have been assembled, evaluated, and...
Traditional conceptualizations of evidence-based medicine rely heavily on randomized controlled trials. Although initiatives to broaden definitions of evidence have been advanced, they generally have not tied evidentiary criteria formally and quantitatively to the benefits and costs involved in a decision to adopt or reject an intervention. Decision analysis provides a...
This paper describes the advantages of using systematic evidence reviews in preferred drug deliberations. By involving decision makers in defining the scope, evidence reports help focus deliberations on clinically important questions and reduce the likelihood of bias. It also defines the limits of the evidence and the magnitude of differences...
Although Evidence-Based Medicine EBM is an important concept for promoting value in health care, meaningful application of EBM tools in commercial settings has proceeded slowly. Barriers to the use of EBM include patient preference, physician resistance, the lack of automated decision support systems, managed care failures, lack of research on...
Routine practice fails to incorporate research evidence in a timely and reliable fashion. Many Quality Improvement QI efforts aim to close these gaps between clinical research and practice. However, in sharp contrast to the paradigm of evidence-based medicine, these efforts often proceed on the basis of intuition and anecdotal accounts...
Greater use of evidence in health care decision making has highlighted the limited quantity and quality of evidence for many decisions. To make informed decisions, patients and physicians depend on valid evidence about benefits, risks, and costs of alternative treatments. Policymakers can also use this information to make promising new...
In few fields of public policy are the use and cost of services so powerfully driven by technological change as they are in medicine. To manage technology, policy-makers have expanded their investment in evaluative research. This paper addresses three under examined challenges in using evidence: those inherent in the dynamics...
In 1998 Medicare amended its procedures for making national coverage decisions for new technologies in an attempt to make the process more transparent and evidence based. The paper examines the quality of evidence for sixty-nine technologies reviewed by Medicare since then. Determinations by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services...
Behind the wide acceptance of the idea of "evidence-based medicine" are two curious facts: There are two very different approaches to applying evidence to medicine, and the most commonly cited definition applies to only one of them. This paper describes the problem that "evidence" is asked to solve and the...
A variety of definitions of evidence-based practice EBP exist. However, definitions are in themselves insufficient to explain the underlying processes of EBP and to differentiate between an evidence-based process and evidence-based outcome. Evidence-Based Practice has evolved in both scope and definition. Evidence-Based Practice EBP requires that decisions about health care...
The author provides some new evidence that reinforces the conclusion in Galo (1999) that exogenous variations in technology play a very limited role, if any, as sources of the business cycle. First, he provides evidence that supports the identification of technology shocks proposed in that paper. Second, he shows that...
The aim of this white paper project was to assess whether outreach visits would improve the implementation of evidence based clinical practice in the area of falls reduction and stroke prevention in a residential care setting. The paper also reveals about the method and the result. In conclusion the paper...
This study provides evidence that Mexican firms that choose to trade in the U.S. as exchange-listed American Depositary Receipts ADRs have significantly weaker ex post (subsequent to cross-listing) financial performance compared with Mexican firms that are eligible to list in the U.S., but do not do so. The study provides...
Over the past few years, the use of "designed" graphic evidence in the courtroom has exploded. By "designed" graphics, one refers to ones that have been designed and produced by artists often with input from a trial consultant. The popularity of these types of graphics is based on truisms that...
From the executive summary: ‘All of the evidence indicates that outside sales fails more often than it succeeds for quick, digital, and small commercial printing companies. The evidence also indicates that having someone out there competing for new business and keeping in the competition for established business is a critical...
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