Inter-American Development Bank

After four terms as the President of the Inter-American Development Bank, Mr. Iglesias now serves as Secretary-General of the Ibero-American Secretariat headquartered in Madrid. Prior to his election as president of the IDB, Mr. Iglesias was Uruguay's Minister of Foreign Relations, (1985-1988); Executive Secretary of the U.N. Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (1972-1985); Secretary General of the U.N. Conference on New and Renewable Sources of Energy, held in Kenya in 1981; and chairman of the conference that launched the Uruguay Round of international trade negotiations in Punta del Este, Uruguay, in 1986. Iglesias also served as President of Uruguay's Central Bank from 1966 to 1968.

Manager of the Research Department and Chief Economist, a.i. Eduardo Lora, a Colombian citizen, is the Chief Economist and Manager, a.i., of the Research Department. The Department is the section of the Bank that generates new ideas to enrich the knowledge base that supports the policy agenda of the Bank and its member countries. At the IDB he has coordinated several editions of the Economic and Social Progress Reports (IPES), including Competitiveness: The Business of Growth (2001), Development Beyond Economics (2000), Facing Up to Inequality in Latin America (1998/9) and Latin America After a Decade of Reforms (1997). Before joining the Bank in 1996, Mr. Lora was Executive Directive of Fedesarollo in Bogota, Colombia, and he has served as a visiting researcher at Oxford University. Mr. Lora has written numerous textbooks, including Tecnicas de Medicion Economica (Methods of Economic Measurement), which is now in its third edition and has been reprinted 12 times. He has additionally edited 12 books on economic and social policy issues, most recently The State of State Reform in Latin America. He has a regular column in the Colombian magazine Dinero and has published numerous articles on competitiveness, labor economics, fiscal policy, political economy and state reform in academic journals such as World Economy, Emerging Markets Review, Journal of Applied Economics and El Trimestre Economico. Mr. Lora holds an undergraduate degree in Economics from the Universidad Nacional de Colombia and a master's degree from the London School of Economics. He has received various academic and professional awards, including the title of "Distinguished Alumnus" of the London School of Economics.

Guillermo Calvo graduated with a Ph.D. from Yale in 1974, and has held tenured positions at Columbia University (1973-1986) and the University of Pennsylvania (1986-1989). He was Senior Advisor in the Research Department of the IMF (1988-1994), and afterwards advised several governments in Latin America and Eastern Europe. His recent positions include: Director of the Center for International Economics and Distinguished University Professor at the University of Maryland; Carlos Diaz-Alejandro Chair of International Finance at the University of CEMA, Buenos Aires; and Research Associate at the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER). In addition, he is a member of the Academia Nacional de Ciencias Economicas, Argentina, and a fellow of the Econometric Society. He is the former President of the Latin American and Caribbean Economic Association (LACEA) and is President-elect of the International Economic Association. Honors include: Simon Guggenheim Foundation Fellowship for 1980-1981, and the King Juan Carlos Prize in Economics in 2000. He has testified before the U.S. Congress on dollarization and the 1994 Mexican crisis. His main field of expertise is macroeconomics of Emerging Market and Transition Economies. His recent work has dealt extensively with capital flows and balance-of-payments crises in Emerging Market Economies. He has published several books and more than 100 articles in leading economic journals.

Mr. Jose Luis Lupo, a citizen of Bolivia, was appointed in November 2005, Chief of the Office of the Presidency. Previously, he served as Representative in Colombia from July 2004 until his current appointment. He also was Advisor in the Manager's office of the Regional Operations Department 3 from 2002 until 2004. Before joining the Bank, Mr. Lupo held several positions, including Executive Director of the "Instituto Nacional de Estadistica" in Bolivia, Manager of the Office of Strategic Planning and Chief Economist at the "Corporacion Andina de Fomento" in Venezuela, and in his home country, among others, Minister of Economic Development, Minister of Finance and Minister of the Presidency. Mr. Lupo holds a master's degree in International Economics from the University of Colorado.

Ciro De Falco, a U. S. citizen, assumed the position as Executive Vice President of the IDB on December 1, 2005. Previously, he was Manager of the Regional Operations Department 3 from September 1994 to November 30, 2005 and was also Manager of the Plans and Programs Department from 1988 to 1994. Before joining the Bank, De Falco was director of the Office of Developing Nations Finance in the U. S. Treasury Department between 1984 and 1988, where he handled financial and economic issues affecting U.S. relations with developing countries in Latin America, Asia and Africa. He joined the U.S. Treasury Department in 1966 as an economist was assigned to the Office of Industrialized Nations. From 1973 to 1977, he served as attache for the Treasury Department in Brazil where he participated in the formulation of U.S. financial policy toward that country, and worked with the U.S. Agency for International Development in formulating its Brazil program. Subsequently, he was the Treasury Department attache in Italy from 1977 to 1983 where he worked with Italian financial and monetary officials on economic policy coordination and bilateral financial agreements. He holds a bachelor's degree in Economics from City College of New York, and completed his doctorate studies in Economics from the City University of New York.

Manuel Rapoport, became the IDB's vice president of Finance and Administration on March 1, 2008. Prior to this appointment, he served as Manager of the Country Department Southern Cone since July 1, 2007. From December 1, 2005 to July 1, 2007, he served as manager of the former Regional Operations Department 1. He also held the position of Chief Development Effectiveness Officer and Manager of the new Development Effectiveness and Strategic Planning Department (DEV) from January 1 to November 30, 2005. Before joining the Bank in June 1973 as a Junior Professional in the Operations Department, Mr. Rapoport worked in the International Marketing Division of E.I. Dupont de Nemours in Philadelphia, Pa. and Wilmington, Delaware. During his career at the Bank, Mr. Rapoport has been Country Coordinator; Assistant to the Executive Vice President; Chief of the Support Services Section; Division Chief for Chile/Peru; Division Chief for Brazil/Suriname and Deputy Manager for Region 1. In June 2000, Mr. Rapoport was appointed Manager of the Strategic Planning and Budget Department (DPP) until his current appointment. Mr. Rapoport was designated by the President of the Bank as a member of the Task Force on Administration and Personnel (1988); Task Force on Budget (1998); and Task Force on Oversight and Evaluation (1999). He has also been assigned by the Executive Vice-President to lead the Working Group on Processing Procedures of the Loan Committee (1996); Management Operations Procedures proposed by Management (1990); Bank Re-Tooling Exercise (2004); and Private Sector Organization (2004). He holds a master's degree in Business Administration and a bachelor's degree in International Business from the American University in Washington, D.C.

Roberto Vellutini, a Brazilian citizen, is the Vice President for Countries. Prior to this position, he served as Manager of Infrastructure and Environment Department (INE) since July 2007. During his tenure at INE, he led the development and implementation of IDB's operational program in the areas of energy, transportation, water and sanitation, rural development, environment, tourism and disaster risk management. He was also responsible for successfully spearheading two of the Bank's priority initiatives, namely the Water and Sanitation Initiative (WSI) and the Sustainable Energy and Climate Change Initiative (SECCI). Prior to becoming INE's Manager, Vellutini was Head of Operations (Energy and Industries) in the Private Sector Department (PRI, now the Structured and Corporate Finance Department). During his 10-year tenure at PRI, he led the structuring of loans and guarantees for a large number of private infrastructure projects in Latin America and the Caribbean, many of which were named "Deal of the Year" by publications specializing in Project Finance owing to their pioneering and/or innovative structures. During 1994-1997, Vellutini was the Principal Advisor to IDB's Executive Vice-President, with Bank-wide responsibilities related to country programming (including country strategies), project and program evaluation (internal and external), project structuring and design, and management's internal approval of the Bank's lending program for both public and private sector operations. From 1990 to 1994, he was a member of the IDB group that spearheaded the implementation of IDB's newly-established policy-based lending, and was responsible for the design and execution of policy-based programs in international trade, agriculture, and financial systems. Prior to joining IDB, Vellutini held various positions in Banco Itau S.A., one of Brazil's largest private banks, as well as in other international organizations such as the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) in Rome and the International Cocoa Organization (ICCO) in London. He was also professor of Economics in the post-graduate programs of the Getulio Vargas Foundation's Business School in Sao Paulo. Vellutini has published articles in theoretical and applied economics in Brazilian academic journals such as Revista Brasileira de Economia, Revista de Economia Politica and Revista de Econometria, as well as in research papers published by Cornell University. He is the author of a book on Project Finance structures for private infrastructure projects and has published articles on infrastructure development and financing in many leading industry magazines including "Project Finance International" and "Infrastructure Journal". Vellutini holds a B.A. from the School of Economics at the University of Sao Paulo and a M.Sc. and a Ph.D. in Applied Economics from Cornell University.

Mexican economist Santiago Levy Algazi became the Vice President for Sector and Knowledge on March 1, 2008. From August 2007 to Feburary 2008, he served as General Manager and Chief Economist for the IDB Research Department. Previously, he was General Director at the Mexican Social Security Institute (IMSS) from December 2000 to October 2005. Under his tenure, he promoted changes to the Social Security Act to increase transparency and accountability in IMSS finances and create long-term reserves. From 1994 to 2000, Levy served as the Deputy Minister at the Ministry of Finance and Public Credit of Mexico, becoming the main architect of the renowned social program Progresa-Oportunidades that benefits the poor. He managed budgetary adjustments during the 1994-95 economic crisis and the 1998 fall in oil prices. Previous positions include President of the Federal Competition Commission and Director of the Economic Deregulation Program at the Ministry of Trade and Industrial Promotion. Levy holds a Ph.D. in economics from Boston University and a Masters in political economy from the same university. He was a post-doctoral fellow at Cambridge University. Levy has advised several governments and international organizations and has held several teaching positions, including faculty positions at the Instituto Tecnologico Autonomo of Mexico and Boston University, where he was Associate Professor and Director of the Institute for Economic Development. He is the author of at least 75 articles, monographs and book chapters on such diverse subjects as poverty reduction, competitiveness, foreign exchange policy, export imbalances, pricing, microeconomics and energy. His paper Poverty in Mexico won the 1992 National Research Prize in Economics awarded by the Bank of Mexico.

Steven J. Puig, a dual citizen of the Dominican Republic and the United States, was appointed Vice President for the Private Sector and Non-Sovereign Guaranteed Operations, at the Inter-American Development Bank, effective November 7, 2007. Mr. Puig is be responsible for coordinating the private sector and non-sovereign guaranteed operational programs of the IDB Group, the development and implementation of a private sector integrated business plan, as well as the business plans of each of the group's private sector entities. The IDB Group is composed of the IDB, the Multilateral Investment Fund (MIF) and the Inter-American Investment Corporation (IIC). The area under Mr. Puig's responsibility includes the IDB's Structured and Corporate Finance Department (SCF) and the Opportunities for the Majority Sector (OMJ). Prior to joining the IDB, Mr. Puig held a number of positions with Citigroup. From 2004 to 2007, he was Global Head of Trade for Latin America in Miami. From 2001 to 2004, he was Country Corporate Officer in Colombia. From 1998 to 2000, he was Country Corporate Officer in El Salvador. Prior to that, Mr. Puig was Vice President of Corporate Banking and Corporate Finance in the Dominican Republic. Before joining Citigroup, Mr. Puig served on the management team of two commercial groups in the Dominican Republic, Grupo Ambar and Grupo Reid & Perellano. Mr. Puig holds a master's degree in International Management from the American Graduate School of International Management of Arizona, and a degree in Economics and International Finance and Commerce from Georgetown University's Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service, Washington, D.C.

Guillermo Miranda, a Peruvian national, is the General Manager of the Human Resources Department since September 1, 2008. In addition, he is in charge of the Office of External Relations in an interim capacity, effective February 10, 2009. Prior to joining the Bank, he was an HR executive at IBM Corporation, based in Vienna, Austria. He was in charge of Talent & Workforce Management for IBM Northeast Europe, Middle East & Africa. He had responsibility for external recruiting, internal staffing, resource planning and allocation, restructuring and reorganizations, workforce models and university relations for a region that comprises operations in more than 42 countries, including the fast-growing markets of Russia, Eastern Europe and the Middle East. He joined IBM in Lima, Peru back in 1997, and was subsequently based in Miami and New York. His IBM experience includes leading the global HR function for the sales centers and web teams at ibm.com, managing the Incentives & Commissions end-to-end process for IBM Latin America, driving Compensation & Benefits for IBM Andean and being the HR Manager for IBM Peru & Bolivia. Previous to his work at IBM, he was HR Manager for the Internal Tax Agency in Peru (SUNAT) and Legal Counsel of the Peruvian National Television & Broadcasting Company (RTP). Mr. Miranda holds a Master in Business Administration from the Deusto University in San Sebastian, Spain, and received a Juris Doctor degree from the Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Peru.

Alicia Ritchie, a Cuban born US citizen, was appointed manager of the Country Department Andean Group, effective July 1, 2007. Prior to this appointment, she was manager of the Bank's former Regional Operations Department 3 since December 1, 2005. Ms. Ritchie served as Chief, Social Programs Division 1, Region 1 from 2002-2005. The Division is responsible for programs in the health, education, social protection, and urban development sectors in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay, and Uruguay. Since joining the IDB in 1989, Ms. Ritchie has held several other positions, including Principal Coordinator at the Multilateral Investment Fund (MIF), a grant fund in administration of the IDB designed to promote the role of the private sector in the region's development. Prior to working with the MIF, as Senior Social Development Specialist, she managed project teams for IDB loans throughout Latin America and the Caribbean in the fields of housing and urban development, social protection and microfinance. Between 1982 and 1989, Ms. Ritchie worked with International Voluntary Services (IVS), Inc., a private non-profit institution in Washington, D.C., as Country Programs Chief and Programs Officer for Latin America and the Caribbean. In that capacity, she worked with technical assistance projects in Bolivia, Ecuador, Honduras and the Eastern Caribbean. Her earlier professional experience includes work with the Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies, and the International Management and Development Institute, a consulting firm in Washington, D.C.; and as research assistant at the Economic Development Institute of the World Bank. Ms. Ritchie holds a master's degree in International Relations from the Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS), and a bachelor's degree in Political Science from Newton College of the Sacred Heart in Newton, MA.

Camille Gaskin-Reyes, a citizen of Guyana, was appointed Deputy Manager for the Procurement and Fiduciary Risk Assessment Division of the Development Effectiveness and Strategic Planning Department (DEV), and Manager a.i. of the same Department on December 1, 2005. Gaskin-Reyes joined the Bank in 1983 and has held many positions within the institution. She first worked in the Project Analysis Department and since then, has had extensive experience in country strategy development, programming, policy work, project design, and program supervision. Prior to her appointment in DEV, Gaskin-Reyes held the position of Deputy Manager of the Bank's Regional Operations Department 3, she was IDB Representative in Panama, Chief of the Portfolio Management and Project Monitoring Office, and also Chief of the Regional Operations Support Office, among other senior functions. Gaskin-Reyes holds a Ph.D. in Urban Development and Regional Planning from the University of Bonn, Germany; a Master's Degree in Natural Resource Management from the University of Bonn; and a Master's Degree in Non-Conventional Energy and Appropriate Technology from the Cologne Polytechnic in Germany.

Dora Currea, a citizen of Colombia, joined the Inter-American Development Bank in 1990 working in the division then established to begin the Bank's activities in adjustment lending in partnership with the World Bank. In 1994 she joined the Infrastructure and Basic Finance Division working with the English speaking Caribbean and the Andean countries. She became Advisor in the Office of the Executive Vice President in 1996, charged with operational quality control, where she reviewed projects in both the public and private sector windows. In 1999, Currea was named Representative of the Bank in Ecuador where she served for five years and implemented a modernization program for the office that was later replicated in other representations. Since August 2004, she has been Chief of the Country Division in charge of the country program and policy dialogue with the countries of the English-speaking Caribbean and Suriname. She has a doctorate in urban policy issues from MIT and a master's degree in municipal finance from Harvard.

Gina Montiel, a Venezuelan citizen, is currently the Manager of the Country Department Central America, Mexico, Panama, and the Dominican Republic. Prior to assuming her current position, she was a senior advisor in the Office of the Presidency. During her 15-year tenure at the Bank, she has held Country Economist and Country Coordinator positions for several Central American countries and was a Counselor for Venezuela to the Board of Executive Directors. Before joining the Bank, she was the Manager of Financial Affairs at the Central Bank of Venezuela (BCV), coordinator and economist in the Monetary and Financial Programming Department at the BCV, and a member of the Executive Board of the International Monetary Fund. During her career in Venezuela's public administration, she served as Director of Short-term Planning in the Central Coordination and Planning Office at the Technical Economic Secretariat, Economist and Advisor for Regional Development at the Development Corporation for the Zulia Region, and economist for coal and steel projects in that region. She has also been a professor at the University of Zulia and the Institute of Advanced Studies in Venezuela. A graduate in economics from the University of Zulia, Montiel has a master's degree in economics from Boston University and has done postgraduate work at George Washington University.

Hans Schulz, A German citizen, Mr. Schulz joined the Bank in 1992. Currently, he is General Manager of the Structured and Corporate Finance Department which provides financing to private firms, and private and state-owned financial institutions and enterprises as well as to public-private partnerships. Previously, he managed the financial markets group of the Private Sector Department, responsible for capital markets development, trade finance and financial institutions, and served as the Senior Private Sector Advisor to the Executive Vice-President of the IDB. As Senior Investment Officer in the Private Sector Department, Mr. Schulz focused on infrastructure projects. During the first four years at the Bank, Mr. Schulz worked on financial sector development issues as part of the Bank's efforts to help increase the competitiveness of financial services in the region. Mr. Schulz also served at the Andean Development Corporation (CAF) in Caracas, at the UN's ECLAC Office in Santiago, Chile, and at WestLB in Dusseldorf, Germany. Mr. Schulz holds a Master's Degree in Economics from Southern Illinois University and undergraduate degrees in economics and business from Marburg University in Germany.

Nohra Rey de Marulanda, a Colombian citizen, has been manager of the Integration and Regional Programs Department at the Inter-American Development Bank since August 1994. From 1989 to 1994, she was the manager of the Economic and Social Development Department at the Bank. From 1986 to 1989, she was Manager of the Economic Consulting firm of Marulanda Rey and Cia., Ltda. In this capacity, she worked directly with several international groups including the IFC, the United Nations Development Programme, the World Bank, JUNAC-IDB, and ALADI. From 1987 to 1988, she was executive vice president of Lloreda Caicedo Industrial Organization on a part time basis, and worked full time in this organization between 1986 and 1987. From 1984 to 1986, she was general director of the Instituto Colombiano de Comercio Exterior (INCOMEX). As director of INCOMEX, she served as plenipotentiary representative of Colombia before the Grupo Andino, thereby presiding on the commission for the Cartagena Accord. She also was assistant chief for Colombia's National Planning Department from 1983 to 1984. From 1982 to 1983, she was director of the Center for Studies of Economic Development in the Economics Department at the University of the Andes in Colombia. Between 1980 and 1982, she served as teaching director for this university, and was director of the graduate Economics program. In 1979, she was a visiting professor at Saint Anthony's College in Oxford University. Between 1974 and 1979, she was a professor and researcher for CEDE and the University of the Andes. Her research focused upon employment, unemployment, poverty and industry. Between 1972 and 1974, she served as advisor to the head of Colombia's National Planning Department, and was also an official serving in its employment division. She holds a bachelor's degree in Economics from the University of the Andes in Colombia, and a master's degree in Economics from the University of Sussex in England.

Simon Gauthier, a Canadian citizen, has been Manager of the Information Technology and General Services Department since May 2005. In this capacity, he leads the centralized IT activities structured under the Information Systems and Technology Division, the Information Technology for Operations Division and a range of activities in the General Services Group. These latter activities include, among others, travel management, facilities management, country office facilities, food and other general services, records management, security and business continuity. Prior to his post at the IDB, Gauthier served as Deputy Chief Information Officer (DCIO) for the Government of Canada from May 2003 onwards. In this role, he provided leadership and coordinated programs and activities relevant to Information Management and Information Technology (IM/IT) in order to achieve the Canadian Government objectives in service delivery to citizens, business and internationally. The Chief Information Officer Branch focuses also on the renewal of the Information and Technology (IT) professional community. As Deputy Chief Information Officer, Simon was called upon to assist the Chief Information Officer for the Government of Canada in delivering CIOB IT community's mandate. Simon Gauthier began his public service career in the Canadian Forces where he held several positions over a period of 14 years. He then moved to the Communications Security Establishment where, over a period of 18 years, he served in a variety of management positions with increasing scope and responsibilities, culminating in the position of Deputy Chief for Information Technology Security.

Alan Siegfried began his service as the Executive Auditor of the Inter-American Development Bank on October 2, 2006. Mr. Siegfried, a United States citizen, brings to the IDB more than thirty years of private and public sector experience in accounting, internal auditing, risk management, internal controls, information technology auditing processes, operations, and business processes and strategy. As Executive Auditor, Mr. Siegfried reports to IDB President Luis Alberto Moreno and the Bank's Audit Committee. The Office of the Executive Auditor provides independent appraisals on the overall adequacy, effectiveness and efficiency of the Bank's internal controls, risk management systems and resource utilization by reviewing accounting, operational, administrative and management information systems and procedures. Mr. Siegfried holds a bachelor's degree in information systems management, with a minor in accounting from King's College, as well as an MBA with a concentration in management science from the University of Maryland, Smith School of Business. He also holds several professional certifications, including Certified Public Accountant, Certified Internal Auditor and Certified Information Systems Auditor. Previous to joining the IDB, Mr. Siegfried was an internal audit partner at Ernst & Young LLP and Grant Thornton LLP. He has also served as Regional Director of Enterprise Risk Services at Deloitte & Touche LLP, Vice President and Information Systems Audit Director, as well as Senior Vice President and General Auditor for First Maryland Bancorp. His public sector tenure includes work with the U.S. General Accounting Office and the U.S. General Services Administration, where he held management-level positions in auditing.

Arthur Mann holds a Ph.D. in economics. Most of Dr. Mann's consulting experience has been in the areas of taxation, tax reform, and public expenditure analysis. He has more than 25 years of international consulting experience with such organizations as the U.S. Agency for International Development, the World Bank, the Inter-American Development Bank, the International Monetary Fund, and the International Labor Office. His participation in more than 70 consulting studies/missions has taken him to numerous Latin American and Caribbean countries, Africa, Eastern Europe, the Middle East, and Asia. He has worked on DevTech projects in Bolivia, El Salvador, Guatemala, and Mexico on a variety of fiscal topics: municipal and property tax reform, decentralization, tax administration benchmarking, tax expenditures, tax incidence, and tax collection costs. He is fluent in Spanish.

Claudette Christian practices principally in the business and finance areas, with particular emphasis on international corporate and project finance. For the past 25 years, she has advised sponsors, project developers, lenders, and foreign governments in a wide array of cross-border transactions, including a number of large infrastructure projects. She works regularly on matters in the energy, telecommunications, shipping, transportation, and aviation industries for clients with operations in the United States, Latin America, Africa, and Europe. Claudette has worked in Brazil since 1997 and has also worked extensively on matters in Venezuela, Mexico, and Bolivia. Claudette's leadership and management of large infrastructure transactions has given her the ability to advise clients across a broad range of commercial and financing issues, providing experienced counsel and executive judgment when needed. She has structured, negotiated, and finalized project and financing documents related to the construction and financing of oil and gas pipelines, stock and asset acquisitions, formation and operation of joint ventures, equity investments, divestitures, and privatizations. In addition, she has assisted her clients in a large number of capital market and commercial bank financing transactions. Claudette also has extensive knowledge of the loan, guarantee, and insurance programs offered by the multilateral and export credit agencies, including the Export-Import Bank of the United States, Overseas Private Investment Corporation, the Inter-American Development Bank, the World Bank, the International Finance Corporation, and the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency. Complementing her legal and transactional activities, Claudette is also active in firm management. She currently serves as the co-head of the Latin America practice group, co-chair of the Recruitment Committee, and co-chair of the Diversity Committee. Claudette served as counsel at the Export-Import Bank from 1979 through 1984. In addition to her transactional work for clients, Claudette has taught classes on international project development and project financing and has served on numerous conference panels on project finance issues.

David Benjamin, Ph.D., is a senior advisor at JTED. Dr. Benjamin is the owner and principal of the building, urban design, and heritage management firm of Environmental Design Partners, Inc., based in Ohio, and has experience with the design and construction of various building types, as well as designing and running community design participation workshops and charrettes. He is certified by the National Charrette Insititute as a Public Meeting Facilitator, the United States Green Building Council as a LEED Accredited Professional, and has published in scholarly journals, encyclopedias, and conference proceedings on the subject of the home, both as a concept and an element of the built environment, and was a judge on the jury of the first Bahamian government Eco-Lodge Design Competition in 2001, sanctioned by the UN and the Inter-American Development Bank. He received his Master of Architecture degree from Washington University in St. Louis in 1982, and went on for his apprenticeship to work with architects in New York, Ohio, and Norway, up to 1988. That year he began the PhD (Doktor Ingenieur degree in Norway) program at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology in Trondheim, Norway, where he received the degree in late 1993 for his work on how domestic architecture relates the meaning of home to local ecologies in pre-historic Scandinavia.

Grecia Marrufo received her Ph.D. in Economics from the University of Chicago, where she specialized in public sector and labor economics. She currently holds a joint appointment as a Research Fellow at the Stanford Institute of Economic Policy Research and as a Senior Research Associate at the SPHERE Institute. Her research has focused on the financing of social insurance programs and the impact of such programs on labor markets. She has also done extensive analysis in the area of social services including Food Stamps and Medi-Cal. She has more than five years of experience with public policy research and evaluation. Finally, she is a consultant with the World Bank and Inter-American Development Bank on public programs in Latin America.

As of 1 July 2003, Henry Jackelen is the new United Nations Resident Representative to Paraguay. Mr. Jackelen was previously the Deputy Resident Representative of PNUD in Brazil. Mr. Jackelen has been working in the field of enterprise and financial sector development, microfinance and entrepreneurship for over 15 years in all regions of the developing world. He began his career as a banker with Bank Boston in Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro (1973-1979) where he held several positions leading up to being the head of lending operations of the Rio branch. Since 1981 Mr. Jackelen has worked in the field of economic development with the World Bank, InterAmerican Development Bank, USAID, NGOs, and other donors. He joined the United Nations Development Programme in 1989 first as a Senior Technical Advisor with United Nations Capital Development Fund (UNCDF). After a leave of absence to work with the private sector in South Africa to create a bank for low-income populations, he rejoined UNDP in the Private Sector Development Programme, which he has headed since 1995. This unit supports the work of UNDP in three basic areas: 1) Engaging the Global Private Sector; 2) Promoting Entrepreneurship and Small and Medium Scale Enterprise Development; 3) Microfinance. Since September 1997 Mr. Jackelen has also established and headed the Special Unit for Microfinance which has ongoing operations in over 40 countries and also supports UNDP activities globally.

James Spinner was appointed General Counsel of the Bank on January 1, 2000. Prior to his appointment, Mr. Spinner served as Deputy General Counsel from August 1, 1993 to December 31, 1999. Mr. Spinner's prior career in the Bank's Legal Department included assignments as an attorney working with Central America, on general corporate matters including issues related to the Agreement Establishing the Bank and other constituent documents, procurement of goods and services, tax matters, and Bank's privileges and immunities; and on financial matters including the Bank's issuance of securities in various capital markets, its financial operations, and its periodic capital increases. Before joining the Bank, Mr. Spinner practiced law in Washington, D.C. He grew up in Barranquilla, Colombia, and speaks English, Spanish, German and French. He holds a juris doctorate degree from the Georgetown University Law Center and a bachelor's degree in history, with highest honors, from Lehigh University.

Mr. Paz is a partner with Paz and Horowitz (attorneys) and has practiced in the mineral law field since 1983. Mr. Paz has been extensively involved in advising companies on mineral exploration and development in Ecuador and was the Subsecretary of Mines of Ecuador from 1992 to 1993 and legal attorney of the Ecuadorian Chamber of Mines. He also helped draft the existing new mining law of Ecuador from 1989 to 1990 and is currently a consultant to the World Bank, with responsibilities that included drafting the new mining law for Argentina. He is also a consultant to the Interamerican Development Bank (IDB) with respect to legal aspects of the mining sector.

Mr. Fronjosa initiated his professional career in international finance in 1996 when he wrote a dissertation on international sources of financing for the Venezuelan Mining Industry. Since then, he has been involved in transactions in the Power Generation and Distribution, Mining, Oil and Gas, Telecommunications, Social Housing, and Agribusiness sectors. Mr. Fronjosa's professional experience includes assignments at the Inter-American Development Bank and Petroleos de Venezuela (PDVSA). He holds an undergraduate degree in mechanical engineering (Universidad Metropolitana, Caracas) and completed graduate studies in finance (Universidad Metropolitana, Caracas) and international management (Thunderbird, Phoenix).

Marcelle Alves-Allen is a graduate of the MBA program at the Schulich School of Business, York University, with a specialty in Strategic Management, Organizational Behaviour and Financial Services Management. She also holds a Bachelor of Administrative Studies Degree from York University, and Certificates in Adult Education and Human Resources Management. She has over 15 years experience, including five years working for the Inter-American Development Bank, an Intellectual Lending Organization. She has worked for Honda Canada, Bell Canada, Martineau Provencher, and York University. Marcelle is President of MarMaxCom, a management-consulting firm designed to provide human resources and business strategy consulting (including market research) to small businesses. She is a member of the Human Resources Professional Association of Ontario (HRPAO) and is a member of the Board of Directors of Warden Woods Community Centre and a Volunteer Recruiter at the Art Gallery of Ontario.

Oscar Erazo Ordonez (Program Coordinator) manages Enersol's projects in Honduras and arranges partnerships with other Honduran NGOs. He has extensive experience consulting in health and rural development with such organizations as the Pan American Health Organization, Inter-American Development Bank, the United Nations Development Programme. He has also served as a professor in the sociology department at the National Autonomous University of Honduras and the National Pedagogical University. Mr. Erazo He holds a Bachelor's degree in Social Work from the National Autonomous University of Honduras and a Master's degree in Rural Development from the National University in San Jose, Costa Rica.

Robert Kaplan, a U.S. citizen, joined the Inter-American Development Bank in 1994. He was appointed Chief Advisor to the Executive Vice President in March 2007. Before assuming his current position, Mr. Kaplan was the Division Chief for the Environment and Natural Resources Management Division (1998-2007) for Mexico, Central America, Dominican Republic and Haiti. In this position, he was responsible for directing the IDB's sectoral program related to agriculture and rural development, potable water and sanitation, environment, natural disaster risk management, and municipal development in 10 countries. Before that, he was Chief Advisor to the Executive Vice President, assisting and advising the EVP on the full range of organizational management issues, lending and technical assistance operations. Prior to joining the IDB, Mr. Kaplan worked at the World Bank in the education and environment sectors, responsible for preparing and supervising projects and several sector studies. He was head of the Pilot Program to Conserve the Brazilian Rain Forest, a $250M grant program for Amazon conservation and sustainable development funded by G-7 countries, EU and the Netherlands. Mr. Kaplan holds a Master's Degree in Public Affairs from Princeton University (1988).

Political Economy of Latin America will be taught by Dr. Roberto Iunes, who has taught the course the last several years. Roberto Iunes is a Social Programs Specialist at the Inter-American Development Bank, where he has worked on many topics related to health care and education systems. The course will focus on the major issues that impact the definition and implementation of social and economic policies in Latin America. The sessions will review the theoretical/analytical framework that defines particular Latin social and economic policies, but will emphasize policy-making and policy implementation. Dr.Iunes may be contacted at robertoi@iadb.org robertoi@iadb.org

Recognized for his innovations and pioneering work in the field of development, particularly in bringing together corporations with international organizations to tackle market and supply systems challenges in developing countries, Mr. Konishi has over 20 years of professional experience in private business, think tanks, as well as advising major international organizations. His negotiation skills as well as technical expertise in areas such as small business development and foreign direct investments have proven beneficial to major corporations as well as to local businesses in developing countries seeking market opportunities. Mr. Konishi is a pioneer in forming dynamic strategic alliances, where he has successfully implemented a number of programs with multinational enterprises, developmental organizations, non-governmental organizations, universities, and governments to help accelerate the development of markets and industry. Mr. Konishi has also successfully established and strengthened over 10 investment agencies (one-stop-shop) around the world. He brings a wealth of knowledge from his work in the private sector, as well as with leading research organization and developmental organizations. His previous professional experience includes work with the Stanford Research Institute (SRI International), International Business Information (IBI, Tokyo), Brookings Institutions, Development Alternatives, Inc (DAI), as well as serving as an adviser and consultant to the World Bank, International Finance Corporation (IFC), Multilateral Investment Guaranty Agency (MIGA), Inter-American Development Bank (IADB), Multilateral Investment Fund (MIF), and United States Agency for International Development (USAID). Mr. Konishi holds a Masters in Law and Diplomacy from the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy (a joint programme with Harvard Business School), and a BA from University of California at Davis in international economics and finance.

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Stephen A. Quick was appointed the position of Director of the Office of Evaluation and Oversight (OVE) at the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) in June of 2000. OVE reports directly to the Bank's Board of Executive Directors, and contributes to improving the developmental effectiveness of the institution through conducting independent evaluations of the Bank's projects and programs. Prior to assuming this position, Dr. Quick had been Manager of the Department of Strategic Planning and Budget at the IDB, and Advisor to the President on Hemispheric Affairs. Before joining the Bank, Dr. Quick was the Executive Director and a Chief Economist for the Joint Economic Committee of the U.S. Congress, a Chief Economist for the Senate Democratic Policy Committee, and a Senior Economist for the House Banking Committee. Before joining the Congress, he taught at the university level and worked as a private consultant. Dr. Stephen Quick holds a Ph.D. from Stanford University. He has worked primarily in the areas of international macroeconomics, trade, debt, and finance.