National Academy of Sciences

Dr. Smith is Professor of Environmental Health Sciences and Brian and Jennifer Maxwell Endowed Chair of Public Health, and Associate Director for International Programs, Center for Occupational and Environmental Health at the University of California, Berkeley, and is founder and director of the UCB campus-wide Graduate Program in Health, Environment, and Development. At the East-West Center in Honolulu he is senior fellow at the Program on Environment. Dr. Smith's interests lie in the interaction of health, environment, and economic development in the developing world. Much of his work has focused on urban and rural air pollution, ranging from field and laboratory studies to national and international policy analysis. He has ongoing projects in Central America, India, Nepal, and China. Dr. Smith is author of over 200 scientific articles and books. He holds bachelors, masters, and doctoral degrees from the University of California, Berkeley, and is a member of the National Academy of Sciences.

Dr. Robert F. Brammer is vice president and chief technology officer (CTO) for Northrop Grumman's Information Technology (IT) sector. He is responsible for the sector's technology strategy and investments, and he reviews regularly all major sector programs and proposals to ensure continuing technology leadership. Current major IT sector investment areas include advanced wireless, satellite and optical networks, information operations and security engineering, large-scale information and knowledge management, enterprise systems and managed services, and software and enterprise engineering. He also leads the ongoing development of Northrop Grumman's TRIAD network, a nationwide network of state of the art laboratories for advanced research and integration of large-scale information systems. Prior to assuming IT sector responsibilities, Dr. Brammer was CTO for TASC, a business unit of Northrop Grumman IT. He managed the unit's Investment program, including the independent research and development and Growth Initiative programs. Dr. Brammer created and directed its Information Infrastructure Organization, consolidating its Enterprise Data Center, TASCnet, desktop, voice and videoconference systems, and led the successful implementation of a PeopleSoft Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system. He also worked on a dual assignment as the CTO for Primark, a previous TASC parent corporation in the 1990s. He led technology infusion from TASC into Primark global financial information services businesses. He also led technology due diligence for several acquisitions, managed global telecommunications serving customers in more than 60 countries and provided oversight for the implementation of a new SAP-based ERP system. Prior to serving as TASC's CTO, Dr. Brammer was director of its Physical Sciences Division. He began its weather-related business and several applications of earth and environmental remote-sensing technologies. He led numerous research and development programs in high-performance computing, digital image processing and geophysical sciences for programs within the U.S. national security community, and developed the first commercial weather satellite ground station. Before joining the company, Dr. Brammer was with NASA where he worked on Apollo and Skylab. His work focused on real-time software for tracking, command, telemetry and communications. Dr. Brammer has a bachelor's degree in mathematics from the University of Michigan, and master's and doctoral degrees in mathematics from the University of Maryland. He is a member of Phi Beta Kappa and Phi Kappa Phi, and is a Woodrow Wilson Fellow. He received achievement awards for work on the Apollo program and for principal investigator research on NASA satellite remote-sensing programs. He is a Fellow of both the Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers and the American Meteorological Society. He is also a senior member or member of several other professional societies, including the IEEE, SIAM, SMPTE and AGU. Dr. Brammer has published numerous scientific and technical research papers in the journals and conferences of these societies. He has served on advisory boards for the Department of Defense (Defense Science Board Summer Studies), the National Academy of Sciences, the Naval Studies Board, the National Science Foundation, the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research and NASA.

Peter B. Hutt, who previously served on our Board of Directors, has been appointed to serve as a special advisor to the Chairman of the Board, specifically to consult on Food and Drug Administration matters. Since 1965, Mr. Hutt has been a partner at the law firm of Covington & Burling, where he specializes in food and drug law. Mr. Hutt served as Chief Counsel for the Food and Drug Administration from 1971 to 1975 and has taught courses on food and drug law at Harvard Law School and Stanford Law School.

Fred Cohen, MD, D Phil, has served as a director of Genomic Health since April 2002. In 2001, Dr. Cohen joined TPG Ventures, a venture capital firm, as a Managing Director. Dr. Cohen is also a Professor of Medicine and Pharmacology at the University of California, San Francisco, where he has taught since July 1988. Dr. Cohen is a director of Matrix Laboratories Ltd. and a number of privately held companies. Dr. Cohen holds a BS from Yale University, a D Phil from Oxford University, and an MD from Stanford University.

Dr. Steinman is world renowned for his discovery of dendritic cells and their critical role in the initiation of immune responses in clinically important situations such as graft rejection, resistance to tumors, autoimmune diseases, and infectious diseases. His current research addresses the fundamental mechanisms of immunity and their relationship with human diseases, including studies aimed at developing vaccines and immune-based therapies for tumors, infections and autoimmune diseases. Steinman's research points to dendritic cells as the critical sentinels of the body that fundamentally regulate the induction of both immune tolerance and activation. Dr. Steinman received a B.S. degree, with honors, from McGill University, and an M.D., magna cum laude, from Harvard Medical School. He is a corresponding fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, a member of the National Academy of Sciences and its Institute of Medicine, and a recipient of numerous prestigious awards. Steinman is editor of the Journal of Experimental Medicine and advisory editor of Human Immunology, the Journal of Clinical Immunology, the Journal of Immunological Methods, and the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

Company since May 1994 and as Chairman of the Board of Directors of our Company since February 1999. Dr. Krevans served as Chancellor of the University of California, San Francisco from July 1982 until May 1993. Prior to his appointment as Chancellor, Dr. Krevans served as a Professor of Medicine and Dean of the School of Medicine at the University of California, San Francisco from 1971 to 1982. Dr. Krevans is a member of the Institute of Medicine, National Academy of Sciences, and led its committee for the National Research Agenda on Aging until 1991. Dr. Krevans also serves on the Board of Directors and the compensation committee of the Board of Directors of Calypte Biomedical corporation (Calypte), a publicly held corporation. Dr.Krevans has a B.S. degree and a M.D. degree, both from New York University.

James Madison Professor of Political Economy Princeton University Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee Chairperson

Ashok Jhunjhunwala, Ph.D., is Professor of the Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Madras (Chennai), India. He was Department Chair till recently. He has been teaching at IIT, Madras since 1981, where he now leads the Telecommunications and Computer Networks (TeNeT) group at IIT Madras. This group works closely with industry in the development of a number of Telecommunications and Computer Network Systems. TeNeT group has incubated a number of technology companies which work in partnership with TeNeT group to develop world class Telecom Access products. The group has also incubated a company which aims to install and operate telephones and Internet connections in every village in India. Ashok Jhunjhunwala was awarded the Padma Shri in the year 2002. He has been awarded the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in 1998, the Dr.Vikram Sarabhai Research Award for the year 1997, the Millennium Medal at Indian Science Congress in the year 2000 and the H. K. Firodia for "Excellence in Science & Technology" for the year 2002. He is a Fellow of INAE, INSA and NAS and a member of the Prime Minister's Scientific Advisory Committee. Jhunjhunwala is a Director in the Board of SBI. He is also a Board member of several Telecom and IT companies in India, including Polaris, Sasken, Tejas and HTL, NRDC, and IDRBT. He has been Board member of VSNL & BSNL in the past. From 1979 to 1981, he was an Assistant Professor at the Washington State University. He received his B.Tech degree from IIT, Kanpur, and his M.Sc as well as his Ph.D degrees from the University of Maine, USA.

Arnold J. Levine, Ph.D., is a Professor at The Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson School of Medicine and a Professor at the Institute for Advanced Study. From 1998 - 2002, Dr. Levine was President of Rockefeller University. Prior to joining Rockefeller University, Dr. Levine was the Harry C. Weiss Professor in the Life Sciences and Chairman of the Department of Molecular Biology at Princeton University from 1984 - 1996. Dr. Levine also serves as a Director of Theravance, Inc. and Applera Corporation, publicly traded life science companies. Dr. Levine received a B.A. in Biology from Harpur College, State University of New York at Binghamton and a Ph.D. in Microbiology from the University of Pennsylvania.

Dr. Yariv is a member of the American Physical Society, Phi Beta Kappa, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, the National Academy of Sciences, a Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers and the Optical Society of America. He was the recipient of the 1980 Quantum Electronics Award of the IEEE, the 1985 University of Pennsylvania Pender Award, the 1986 Optical Society of America Ives Medal, the 1992 Harvey Prize, the 1998 OSA Beller Medal and received an Honorary Doctorate, December 2000 from Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Israel. Dr. Yariv was a founder and chairman-of-the-board of ORTEL Corporation (acquired by Lucent Technologies), and is a founder and a board member of Arroyo Optics Inc.

James R. Gavin III, MD, Ph.D. is a clinical professor of medicine at Emory University School of Medicine. He is also executive vice president for clinical affairs at Healing Our Village, LLC. He serves as interim president and CEO for Microislet, Inc. of San Diego, CA, maintaining an office base in Atlanta, GA. From 2002 to 2004, Dr. Gavin was president of the Morehouse School of Medicine in Atlanta, GA. He served as senior scientific officer at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) from 1991 to 2002 and director of the HHMI-National Institutes of Health Research Scholars Program from 2000 to 2002. Before joining the senior staff of HHMI, Dr. Gavin was on the faculty at the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center as a professor and as chief of the Diabetes Section, acting chief of the Section on Endocrinology, Metabolism and Hypertension, and William K. Warren Professor for Diabetes Studies. He previously served as an associate professor of medicine at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis. He was a lieutenant commander in the US Public Health Service from 1971 to 1973 and continues to serve as a reserve officer. Dr. Gavin belongs to a number of organizations, including the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences, the American Diabetes Association, the American Society of Clinical Investigation, the American Association of Physicians, the Alpha Omega Alpha Medical Honor Society, the Association of Black Cardiologists, and the Sigma Pi Phi Leadership Fraternity. He is a past president of the American Diabetes Association and was voted Clinician of the Year in Diabetes by ADA in 1991. He has served on many advisory boards and on the editorial boards of the American Journal of Physiology and the American Journal of Medical Sciences. He is on the board of trustees for Duke University, Emory University, Livingstone College and the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. In addition, he is national program director of the Harold Amos Faculty Development Program of the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. Dr. Gavin is immediate past chairman of the National Diabetes Education Program and a member of the Board of Scientific Councilors for the Intramural Research Program of NIDDK. He also serves as chairman of the Data Safety Monitoring Board for the VA Cooperative Diabetes Study. Dr. Gavin has published more than 190 articles and abstracts in such publications as Science, the Journal of Applied Physiology, Diabetes, and the American Journal of Physiology. He is author of two books, Healing Our Village: A Self-Care Guide for Diabetes Control (with L. Coleman) and Dr. Gavin's Health Guide for African Americans (with S. Landrum). He also hosts the "Powerpoint" health talk radio show for public radio station WCLK, 91.9 FM, Atlanta. Among the many honors Dr. Gavin has received are the Daniel Hale Williams Award, the E.E. Just Award, the Herbert Nickens Award, the Daniel Savage Memorial Award, the Emory University Medal for Distinguished Achievement, and the Banting Medal for Distinguished Service from the American Diabetes Association, the Distinguished Alumni Award from the Duke University School of Medicine, and the Internist of the Year from the National Medical Association. Dr. Gavin graduated from Livingstone College in Salisbury, NC with a degree in chemistry. He earned his PhD in biochemistry from Emory University and his MD degree from Duke University School of Medicine. He is married to Dr. Annie J. Gavin and they are the parents of three adult sons.

P. Roy Vagelos, M.D., co-founded Theravance in 1996 and has served as Chairman of the Board of Directors since its inception. Dr. Vagelos served as Chief Executive Officer of Merck & Co., Inc., from 1985 to 1994, and Chairman of the board of directors of Merck from 1986 until 1994. Dr. Vagelos is Chairman of the board of directors of Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Dr. Vagelos holds an M.D. from Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons and an A.B. degree from the University of Pennsylvania.

Dr. Benes described the work of the final speaker, Christopher A. Walsh, M.D., Ph.D., as an appropriate follow-up to Dr. Kuperberg's: he is mapping the genes involved in the development of the cerebral cortex to try to understand the disruptions that underlie developmental brain disorders. Dr. Walsh is chief of the division of genetics at Children's Hospital, Boston, chief of neurogenetics in the department of neurology at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute/Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Bullard Professor of Neurology at Harvard Medical School, and director of its combined M.D.-Ph.D. program. His work has garnered widespread recognition, including a NARSAD Independent Investigator Award in 1998. Dr. Walsh began by stressing that disorders related to malfunction of the cerebral cortex, such as mental retardation, learning disorders, epilepsy, autism and schizophrenia, are all more or less genetically based and extremely complex. To get a handle on the problem, he and his colleagues started by studying simpler abnormalities of the cortex related to size or gray-matter folding, working mostly with patients in the Middle East, where populations tend to be more isolated, marriage between relatives is common and families large, thus providing a large and relatively homogeneous genetic pool. Through this research, Dr. Walsh stated, his team has identified many previously unknown syndromes and defined a number of them genetically. The findings from this research eventually led Dr. Walsh to contemplate the more complex challenge of autism. While twin studies and other evidence point to autism as a highly genetic disorder, Dr. Walsh explained that it has been very difficult to correlate its clinical symptoms with specific genes. Many genes are thought to be involved and different families with autistic members tend to show different genetic profiles. There are known chromosomal defects associated with the disorder, and probably complex multigenic interactions, none of which, he said, has been defined.

Francis V. Chisari, M.D. is currently Professor and Head of the Division of Experimental Pathology at the Scripps Research Institute. Dr. Chisari received his M.D. from Cornell University Medical College in 1968. He has been on the Scripps faculty since 1975 and has published over 325 papers in the area of hepatitis virus immunobiology and pathogenesis. Dr. Chisari sits on several advisory boards including the Distinguished Advisory Committee at the UCSD Cancer Center, the Scientific Advisory Board for the Center for the Study of HCV at Rockefeller University, the International Research Scholars Program at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute and various expert panels sponsored by the NIAID. In recognition of his scientific contributions, Dr. Chisari has received many honors and awards including election to fellowship in the American Association for the Advancement of Science and the American Academy of Microbiology, and membership in the Association of American Physicians, the National Academy of Sciences, and the Institute of Medicine.

PEDRO CUATRECASAS, M.D. Dr. Cuatrecasas has served as a director of the Company since August 1996. He has over 35 years of experience in the pharmaceutical industry. Dr. Cuatrecasas retired from the positions of Vice President of Warner-Lambert Company and President, Parke-Davis Pharmaceutical Research on December 31, 1996, positions he had held since 1989. During the previous four years, he had been Senior Vice President of Research and Development and Director of Glaxo, Inc. For the prior ten years, he was Vice President of Research, Development and Medical and Director of Burroughs Wellcome Company. Dr. Cuatrecasas is a member of the National Academy of Sciences and the Institute of Medicine. He is currently an independent consultant in pharmaceutical research and an Adjunct Professor in Medicine and Pharmacology at the University of California in San Diego. He received his M.D. from Washington University School of Medicine. Dr. Cuatrecasas qualifies as an "independent" director within the meaning of Rule 4200(a)(15) of the NASD Listing Standards.

has been a director since May 2001. Since 1973, Dr. Marchesi has been a Professor of Pathology and Cell Biology at Yale University and, since 1991, the Director of the Boyer Center for Molecular Medicine at Yale University. In 1982, Dr. Marchesi co-founded Molecular Diagnostics, Inc., a diagnostic development company. Dr. Marchesi was formerly Chair of Pathology at the Yale-New Haven Hospital. Dr. Marchesi holds an MD from Yale University and a PhD from Oxford University, and is a member of the National Academy of Sciences and the Institute of Medicine.

Dr. Edward Scolnick earned his MD degree from Harvard Medical School and received 2 years of Internal Medicine Training at the Massachusetts General Hospital. He spent 15 years at the National Institute of Health where he made seminal discoveries on the nature of genes that cause cancer in humans. He then spent 22 years at the Merck Research Labs where he was head of Research from 1985 to 2002. Since then he has been at the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard as Director of the Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, which is directed at understanding the causes of Schizophrenia and Bipolar illness and finding new ways to treat these illnesses.

Dr. Coughlin holds a bachelor of arts from Knox College in Galesburg, Illinois, and a doctorate in biochemistry from the University of Iowa Howard Hughes Medical Institute. Her doctorial work focused on how infectious diseases evade the human immune system. She is a former Martin Marietta-Burroughs Wellcome and Department of Energy Research Fellow and conducted research at Woods Hole Biological Laboratory and Oakridge National Laboratory. In 2005 she returned to her native Colorado and joined the Denver Museum of Nature & Science after working for six years in Washington DC, at the National Academy of Sciences where she was the managing editor of the multidisciplinary journal PNAS. Dr. Coughlin is the curator and science advisor for the museum's newest permanent exhibit Expedition Health. Her National Institutes of Health (NIH) sponsored museum research enrolls museum visitors in an international study looking at the genetic influences of a person's ability to taste and smell. As Vice President at the museum she collaborates with local organizations to promote a culture of scientifically informed citizens and oversees the adult programs. When not at the Museum she enjoys running, swimming, rollerblading, all snow sports, glass painting, and drinking a good cup of coffee while reading a good book.

Dr. Dwyer is director of the Frances Stern Nutrition Center at Tufts-New England Medical Center Hospitals in Boston. She is a professor of medicine (nutrition) and community health at the Tufts University Schools of Medicine and Nutrition, and the senior scientist at the Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts. She is an adjunct professor at the Harvard School of Public Health. She served in 2001-2002 as assistant administrator for human nutrition in the Agricultural Research Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, and in 2000 on the Dietary Guidelines for Americans Committee. She is a member of the Institute of Medicine, National Academy of Sciences, and served for more than 10 years on the Food and Nutrition board. One of the nation's most respected nutritionists, she is the author or co-author of more than 180 research and 280 review articles published in scientific journals. Dr. Dwyer's resume includes numerous other professional groups, honors and awards. A registered dietitian, she received the American Dietetic Association's Medallion Award in 2002. She is a past president of the Society for Nutrition Education and the American Institute of Nutrition (now the American Society for Nutrition).

Dr. Charles Phelps is currently a professor and provost at the University of Rochester and a professor at its School of Medicine and Dentistry. He has been at the University of Rochester for 21 years. Phelps was named as a provost in 1994. Prior to the University of Rochester, he was a director and senior staff economist at The RAND Corporation. Phelps received a bachelor's degree in mathematics from Pomona College, an MBA in hospital administration from the University of Chicago and a doctorate in business economics from the University of Chicago. He is also a member of the National Academy of Sciences, Institute of Medicine; the National Bureau for Economic Research and the editorial board for the Journal of Health Economics.

Dr. Colwell is Distinguished University Professor at the University of Maryland, College Park, and the Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health. She is also Chairman and Senior Vice President of Canon US Life Sciences, Inc., a subsidiary of Canon, Inc. focused on medical instrumentation. Dr. Colwell served as Director of the National Science Foundation from August 1998 to February 2004 and was the Founding President of the University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute between 1988 and 1998. She holds many honorary degrees from universities and colleges around the world including her alma mater, Purdue University, and is a member of the National Academy of Sciences.

Dr. Sharp is currently Institute Professor in the Center for Cancer Research at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Over his 30-year career at MIT, he served as Director of the Center for Cancer Research, Head of the Department of Biology and Founding Director of the McGovern Institute. Dr. Sharp's landmark achievement was the discovery of RNA splicing in 1977. For this work, he shared the 1993 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Dr. Sharp has authored more than 300 scientific papers and is co-founder of Biogen Idec, Inc. and Alnylam Pharmaceuticals. Dr. Sharp is a member of the National Academy of Sciences.

Dr. Bloom is a founder of Alkermes and has been a director of Alkermes since 1987. Dr. Bloom is the CEO, Chief Scientific Officer and Chairman of the Board of Directors of Neurome, Inc. Dr. Bloom has been active in neuropharmacology for more than 35 years, holding positions at Yale University, the National Institute of Mental Health and The Salk Institute. From 1983 to February 2005, Dr. Bloom was the Chairman of the Neuropharmacology Department at The Scripps Research Institute and is currently Professor Emeritus. Dr. Bloom served as Editor-in-Chief of Science from 1995 to May 2000. He holds an A.B. (Phi Beta Kappa) from Southern Methodist University and an M.D. (Alpha Omega Alpha) from Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis. He is a member of the National Academy of Science, the Institute of Medicine, the Royal Swedish Academy of Science and the Washington University Board of Trustees. Dr. Bloom also serves on the scientific advisory boards of Advancis, Inc., Saegis, Inc. and RxGen.

Dr. Lander is a founder and Director of The Eli and Edythe L. Broad Institute, a biomedical research institute formed by the Whitehead Institute, MIT and Harvard University (since November 2003). He is also a Member of the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research (since 1989), a Professor and Associate Professor, Department of Biology at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (since 1989) and a Professor at Harvard Medical School (since January 2004). He was the Director of Whitehead/MIT Center for Genome Research (1993 to November 2003). Dr. Lander is a founder of Millennium. He is a director of Infinity Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a biotechnology company.

JOSEPH L. GOLDSTEIN, M.D., 67, has been a Director of the Company since June 1991. Dr. Goldstein has been the Professor of Medicine and Genetics and Chairman of the Department of Molecular Genetics at The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas since 1977. Dr. Goldstein is a member of the National Academy of Sciences. Drs. Goldstein and Brown jointly received the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1985.

Dr. W. Gerald Austen, M.D., has served as a Director of the Company since 1985. Since 1974 he has been the Edward D. Churchill Professor of Surgery at Harvard Medical School and at Massachusetts General Hospital. From 1969 to 1997, Dr. Austen was Chief of the Surgical Services at Massachusetts General Hospital. Dr. Austen is the former President of the American College of Surgeons, the American Association for Thoracic Surgery, the American Surgical Association and the Massachusetts and American Heart Associations. Dr. Austen is a member of the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences, a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, a life member of the corporation of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Chairman of the Board of Trustees of the John S. and James L. Knight Foundation. Mr. Ronald W. Dollens joined ABIOMED's Board of Directors in January 2006. Mr. Dollens is the retired President and Chief Executive Officer and founding board member of Guidant Corporation, the $3.7 billion company he formed following its split-off from Eli Lilly and Company in 1995. Prior to his position at Guidant, Mr. Dollens was President of Eli Lilly's Medical Devices and Diagnostics Division (MDD). Mr. Dollens' industry leadership includes the position as past Director and Chairman of the Board of the Advanced Medical Technology Association (AdvaMed), the world's largest medical technology association; as well as past Chairman of the Healthcare Leadership Counsel. He has served on the Advisory Committee on Regulatory Reform, a group appointed by former U.S. Health and Human Services Secretary Tommy G. Thompson.

Frank E. Young, M.D., Ph.D. has been a director since 2005. Dr. Young is a former Commissioner of the United States Food and Drug Administration ("FDA") and has had over a 40-year career in medicine, academia and government. After numerous academic appointments, Dr. Young served as Chairman of the Department of Microbiology and Professor of Microbiology, of Pathology, and of Radiation Biology and Biophysics at the University of Rochester, New York. Subsequently, he became Dean of the School of Medicine and Dentistry, Director of the Medical Center and Vice President for Health Affairs at the University of Rochester. Dr. Young joined the Department of Health and Human Services as Commissioner of the FDA and Assistant Surgeon General (Rear Admiral, USPHS) in 1984. Under Presidents Ronald Reagan, George H.W. Bush, and William J. Clinton, Dr. Young served as Commissioner of the FDA, Deputy Assistant Secretary and Director of the Office of Emergency Preparedness, Director of the National Disaster Medical System and as a member of the Executive Board of the World Health Organization (presidential appointee). Dr. Young currently serves as the Chief Executive Officer of Cosmos Alliance and is a partner of Essex Woodlands Health Ventures. In addition, Dr. Young currently serves on the board of Golden Pond Healthcare, publicly held special purpose acquisition company and the boards of the following private companies: Agennix, Inc. and Elusys Therapeutics, Inc. Dr. Young attended Union College and holds an M.D. degree from the University of the State of New York, Upstate Medical Center, where he graduated cum laude, and a Ph.D. degree from Case Western Reserve University.

Charles R. Cantor, Ph.D. Dr. Cantor joined us as Chief Scientific Officer and Chairman of the Scientific Advisory Board in August 1998 and has served as our director since 1998. Dr. Cantor is also Chief Executive Officer of DiThera, Inc., a biotechnology company that he founded in 2007. Since 1992, Dr. Cantor has served as a professor in the Department of Biomedical Engineering and Co-Director of the Center for Advanced Biotechnology at Boston University. Prior to that time, Dr. Cantor held positions at Columbia University and the University of California, Berkeley. He was also Director of the Human Genome Center of the Department of Energy at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. Dr. Cantor published the first textbook on genomics, The Science and Technology of the Human Genome Project, and remains active in the Human Genome Project through his membership in a number of the project s advisory committees and review boards. Dr. Cantor is a member of the National Academy of Sciences. He is also a scientific advisor to 12 biotechnology and life science companies and one venture capital firm. Dr. Cantor currently serves as a director of ExSAR, Inc., Human BioMolecular Research Institute, and Retrotrope, Inc. Dr. Cantor received his Ph.D. in Chemistry from the University of California, Berkeley.

Gerald R. Fink, Ph.D. is a founder of Microbia and a founding member and former director of Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, and is the American Cancer Society Professor of Genetics at Whitehead Institute/MIT. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Fink is an international leader in the molecular genetics and cell biology of brewers' yeast and the fungal pathogen, Candida. He is a non-resident fellow of the Salk Institute, is on the scientific advisory boards of the Biozentrum in Basel and Dyadic Inc., and is also a member of the Medical Advisory Board of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute.

Dr. Carson has been a member of our Board since December 1997. Dr. Carson is a noted researcher in the fields of autoimmune and immunodeficiency diseases and is co-discoverer with Dr. Eyal Raz of the immunostimulatory sequences (ISS) that form the basis of our technology. He has played key roles in the founding of Vical, Inc., a gene therapy company, IDEC Pharmaceuticals, a biopharmaceutical company, and Triangle Pharmaceuticals. Dr. Carson is director of the Rebecca and John Moores Cancer Center at the University of California, San Diego and has been a professor in the Department of Medicine at the University of California, San Diego since 1990. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences, American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and the Institute of Medicine, as well as the American Association for Cancer Research, the American Society for Clinical Investigation, the American Society of Hematology, and the Association of American Physicians. He received his M.D. from Columbia University and his B.A. from Haverford College. Dr. Carson completed his residency in internal medicine and a postdoctoral fellowship at the University of California San Diego.

Dr. Schimmel is a founder of Alnylam and has served as a member of our board of directors since June 2002. Dr. Schimmel has been the Ernest and Jean Hahn Professor of Molecular Biology and Chemistry and a member of the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology at the Scripps Research Institute since 1997. Dr. Schimmel is a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the Institute of Medicine and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Dr. Schimmel also serves as a director of Sirtris Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

Arthur B. Pardee, Ph.D. is Professor of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology Emeritus at the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School. A scientist of international stature, Dr. Pardee is a world-recognized authority on the cell cycle and regulations. He has made numerous seminal discoveries related to the cell cycle, including discovery of the restriction (“R”) cellular checkpoint in the G1 phase of the cell cycle, invention of differential display, allosteric regulation, feedback inhibition and transcription regulation. Dr. Pardee is a member of the National Academy of Sciences and the recipient of numerous national and international scientific awards.

Robert A. Weinberg, Ph.D. is the Daniel K. Ludwig and American Cancer Society Professor for Cancer Research at the Whitehead Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences and a winner of the 1997 National Medal of Science. In 1980, his laboratory identified the first human oncogene, ras. In 1986, he and his colleagues isolated the first tumor suppressor gene, the retinoblastoma (Rb) gene. These achievements revolutionized the way scientists think about the origins of cancer and paved the way for powerful new technologies in cancer diagnosis and treatment.

George D. Yancopoulos, MD, PhD, has been Executive Vice President, Chief Scientific Officer and President, Regeneron Research Laboratories since December 2000 and a Director since 2001. Prior to that date, he was Senior Vice President, Research, a position he held since June 1997, and Chief Scientific Officer, a position he held since January 1998. Dr. Yancopoulos was Vice President Discovery from January 1992 until June 1997, Head of Discovery from January 1991 to January 1992, and Senior Staff Scientist from March 1989 to January 1991. He received his PhD in Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics and his MD from Columbia University. Dr. Yancopoulos is a member of the National Academy of Sciences.

Alfred G. Gilman, MD, PhD, a co-founder of the Company, has been a Director of the Company since July 1990. Dr. Gilman has served as Dean of the University of Texas Southwestern Medical School since 2005 and has held the Raymond and Ellen Willie Distinguished Chair in Molecular Neuropharmacology at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical School since 1987. Dr. Gilman is a member of the National Academy of Sciences and he received the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1994. Dr. Gilman is a member of the Board of Directors of Eli Lilly and Company.

Harry Jacobson, M.D. became a Director of HealthGate in October 2003. Dr. Jacobson is Vice Chancellor for Health Affairs and Professor of Medicine at Vanderbilt University Medical Center. In 1985, Dr. Jacobson joined the Vanderbilt faculty as Professor of Medicine and Director of the Division of Nephrology. From 1978 to 1985, Dr. Jacobson was on the faculty of the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas. From 1976 to 1978, he served as Chief of the Renal Section of the U.S. Army Surgical Research Center at Brooke Army Medical Center. Dr. Jacobson is a member of numerous professional organizations, including the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences, the American Society of Nephrology, the International Society of Nephrology, the American Society of Clinical Investigation, and the Association of American Physicians. He is a founder of Renal Care Group and is a member of its Board of Directors. Dr. Jacobson is a member of the Board of Directors of Kinetic Concepts, Inc., a global medical technology company and serves as Chairman of the Board of Cardiovascular Services of America, Inc.