National Academy of Sciences

Lieutenant General (Retired) Thomas J. Plewes served as Chief, Army Reserve, and Commanding General, U.S. Army Reserve Command until his retirement on May 25, 2002. Prior to assuming this position in May 1998, he served as Deputy Commanding General, U.S. Army Reserve Command. He became the first three-star Chief, Army Reserve, in the history of the Army Reserve on June 13, 2001. In his civilian capacity, Lieutenant General (Retired) Plewes serves as a program director for the National Academy of Sciences. LTG Plewes has served as a Vice President of Logistics Management Resources, Inc., a supplier of logistics automation services to the Federal government, and as the Associate Commissioner of the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, where he had responsibility for the Nation's labor force information. He graduated from Hope College, Holland, Michigan, with a Bachelors Degree in Economics, and received a Masters Degree in Economics from the George Washington University. He is a Fellow of the American Statistical Association. He was a member of the congressionally chartered Reserve Forces Policy Board, and is a past president of the Senior Army Reserve Commanders Association. He is currently an active member of the Reserve Officers Association and the Association of the United States Army, where he serves on the Board of Advisors.

Bonnie J. McCay is on the Board of Governors and a Distinguished Professor in the Department of Human Ecology in Cook College at Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey. Dr. McKay is one of the world's leading authorities on the management of common property resources, especially marine fisheries. She is the co-author of Science and its Role in the National Marine Fisheries Service (National Academy Press), and Community, Market and State on the North Atlantic Rim: Challenges to Modernity in the Fisheries (University of Toronto Press). She is a National Associate for the National Research Council, National Academy of Sciences, a winner of the Norwegian Marshall Fund Award for Research in Marine Conservation, and a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Dr. McKay holds a B.A. in Anthropology from Portland State University, and a M.Phil. and Ph.D. in Anthropology from Columbia University.

Craig M. Schiffries is Director of Science Policy and Senior Scientist at the National Council for Science and the Environment. He previously served as a Congressional Science Fellow on the staff of the United States Senate Judiciary Committee; Director of Government Affairs for the American Geological Institute; Director of the Board on Earth Sciences and Resources of the National Academy of Sciences / National Research Council; visiting faculty member at Yale University; and consultant with Monitor Company. Dr. Schiffries simultaneously earned his B.S. and M.S. degrees from Yale University, where was he was elected to Phi Beta Kappa, graduated summa cum laude, and double-majored in Geology and Geophysics and in Economics and Political Science. He was a Marshall Scholar at Oxford University, where he earned an honors B.A. in Philosophy, Politics, and Economics. He received a Ph.D. in Geology from Harvard University, where he held a fellowship from the Hertz Foundation.

Frank E. Young, M.D., Ph.D. has been a director since 2005. Dr. Young is a former Commissioner of the United States Food and Drug Administration ("FDA") and has had over a 40-year career in medicine, academia and government. After numerous academic appointments, Dr. Young served as Chairman of the Department of Microbiology and Professor of Microbiology, of Pathology, and of Radiation Biology and Biophysics at the University of Rochester, New York. Subsequently, he became Dean of the School of Medicine and Dentistry, Director of the Medical Center and Vice President for Health Affairs at the University of Rochester. Dr. Young joined the Department of Health and Human Services as Commissioner of the FDA and Assistant Surgeon General (Rear Admiral, USPHS) in 1984. Under Presidents Ronald Reagan, George H.W. Bush, and William J. Clinton, Dr. Young served as Commissioner of the FDA, Deputy Assistant Secretary and Director of the Office of Emergency Preparedness, Director of the National Disaster Medical System and as a member of the Executive Board of the World Health Organization (presidential appointee). Dr. Young currently serves as the Chief Executive Officer of Cosmos Alliance and is a partner of Essex Woodlands Health Ventures. In addition, Dr. Young currently serves on the board of Golden Pond Healthcare, publicly held special purpose acquisition company and the boards of the following private companies: Agennix, Inc. and Elusys Therapeutics, Inc. Dr. Young attended Union College and holds an M.D. degree from the University of the State of New York, Upstate Medical Center, where he graduated cum laude, and a Ph.D. degree from Case Western Reserve University.

Dr. Wittrup is the Company's collaborator at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he is J.R. Mares Professor of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering. Previous appointments have included J.W. Westwater Professor of Chemical Engineering, Biophysics, and Bioengineering at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. He was also a Postdoctoral Research Associate of the Yeast Molecular Biology Group at Amgen, Inc. (NASDAQ: AMGN). Dr. Wittrup has been the recipient of numerous awards and honors including the J.R. Mares Professorship at MIT, the J.W. Westwater Professorship at UIUC, Fellow of the American Institute of Biomedical Engineers, and Allan P. Colburn Award from the American Institute of Chemical Engineering. He has published nearly 50 scientific papers and is an ad hoc reviewer for many prestigious journals including Nature Biotechnology, Gene, Biochemistry, and Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. He is a frequently invited lecturer to companies such as Chiron, Xoma, Biogen, Dyax, DuPont, and Merck.

Dr. Michael A. Jayjock is a senior member of LifeLine Group's management team. Prior to joining LLG, he was the Senior Research and EHS Fellow and Manager, Risk Assessment, in the Toxicology Department of Rohm and Haas Company, where he has served in various technical positions since 1969. He has a Ph.D. in Environmental Engineering from Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, where he also received his Master of Science degree in Environmental Science and Occupational Health. Dr. Jayjock is a Fellow of the American Industrial Hygiene Association and Diplomat of the American Board of Industrial Hygiene (CIH). He has served on various committees of the American Industrial Hygiene Association: Committee on Exposure Assessment Strategies, Exposure Strategies Modeling Subcommittee, Exposure Strategies Expert System Subcommittee, Committee on Risk Assessment, and Low-Dose Estimation Task Group. Dr. Jayjock's principal research interest includes the development of better-estimating and more cost-efficient exposure models. He has expertise in such areas as exposure modeling and human exposure to environmental pollutants, human health risk assessment, and uncertainty analysis. He has published extensively in peer-reviewed publications and served from 1998-2003 as an Editorial Board Member for the American Industrial Hygiene Journal. He has made numerous technical presentations, including at the American Industrial Hygiene Conference, International Society of Exposure Assessment Conference, and the Air Toxics Monitoring Workshop to Support EPA's Integrated Urban Air Toxics Strategy. His wide service on advisory committees includes: U.S. EPA - Office of Pollution Prevention & Toxics - Voluntary Children's Chemical Evaluation Program (VCCEP); Peer Consultation Panel on Flame Retardants, 2003; U.S. EPA Science Advisory Board, Executive Committee, Human Health Research Strategy Panel, November 2002; U.S. EPA Science Advisory Board Consultant 2001-2003 - Integrated Human Exposure Committee; U.S. EPA Science Advisory Board Member 1998-2001 - Integrated Human Exposure Committee (IHEC); and National Research Council - National Academy of Sciences, as a Member of the Committee to Review Risk Management in the DOE's Environmental Remediation Program, the Committee on Advances in Assessing Human Exposure to Airborne Pollutants, and the Committee on Toxicology - Subcommittee on Risk Assessment of Flame-Retardant Chemicals.

At the National Academy of Sciences, Cornell University's School of Industrial and Labor Relations, and as a consultant, Dr. Michael Gaffney has for 25 years focused his research and teaching on organizational change in industry, with particular emphasis on the negotiation of change. He has provided on-site consulting, training, and facilitation services to more than 500 companies and unions throughout North America and abroad. A graduate of the U.S. Merchant Marine Academy, Dr. Gaffney worked for several years as a licensed officer and pilot aboard deep-sea and Great Lakes commercial vessels (Masters, Mates & Pilots, MM&P-- ILA, and Marine Engineers Beneficial Association, MEBA District II). He later became an anthropologist, receiving his MA degree from the New School for Social Research, and his Ph.D.from Ohio State University concentrating his studies on the linkage between technology, work, and occupational culture.

Dr. Hokfelt, a Professor in the Department of Neuroscience at Karolinska Institutet in Stockholm, Sweden, is a world leader in the mapping of chemical components in neurotransmission in the brain. Born in Stockholm in 1940, and raised in Sweden and Germany, he pursued his undergraduate medical studies at Karolinska Institutet, where he also earned his Ph.D. and M.D. In 1969, he was appointed assistant professor at the Swedish Medical Research Council. In 1979, Dr. Hokfelt became Professor in Histology with Cell Biology at Karolinska Institutet and he served as the vice chairman of its Department of Neuroscience from 1993-1999. Dr. Hokfelt is the recipient of over 15 major awards for his neuroscience research, including two awards from the Royal Academy of Sciences, Stockholm (1978 and 1979), The New York Academy of Sciences Award in Biological and Medical Sciences (1985), the Artois-Baillet Latour Health Prize (1987), The Bristol-Myers Award for Distinguished Achievement in Neuroscience Research (1988), Anders Jahre's Prize (1990), and The Eli Lilly Preclinical Research Award (1991). Dr. Hokfelt is a Foreign Associate member of the National Academy of Sciences (USA), and has been named Fogarty International Scholar at the National Institutes of Health (Bethesda, Maryland), Associate of Neuroscience Research Program (Boston and New York), Honorary Member of the American Physiological Society, and Honorary Member of the Centre for Neuroscience, University College (London). Additionally, he is a Member of the International Scientific Programme Committee for the Sixth IBRO World Congress of Neuroscience, Member and Chairman of the Committee of the Dargut and Milena Kemali Foundation, Member of the Nobel Assembly, and Member of the Advisory Board of the Institute of Neuroscience of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Shanghai.

Prof. Alex Pines, Ph.D., is the Glenn T. Seaborg Professor of Chemistry at the University of California at Berkeley and Faculty Senior Scientist at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Prof. Pines' research has focused on theory and experimentation in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Together with John S. Waugh, he introduced high resolution NMR of dilute spins such as carbon-13 and nitrogen-15 in solids, using cross polarization (proton-enhanced nuclear induction spectroscopy). He has pioneered the area of multiple-quantum spectroscopy in which extended groups of spins flip coherently while absorbing or emitting many quanta. His techniques of zero-field NMR using both magnetic field cycling and superconducting (SQUID) detectors are being applied to the study of molecular structure and dynamics in condensed phases. His development of double rotation and dynamic-angle spinning, involving the rotation of a sample about two spatial axes according to the symmetry of the icosahedron, extended high-resolution NMR to quadrupolar nuclei such as oxygen-17 and aluminum-27 in solids. Other recent interests include: iterative maps and chaos, quantum (Berry) phase, topology, and gauge kinematics, drawing on the analogy between the evolution of quantum spin systems and the reorientation of cats falling from trees. His combination of optical pumping and cross-polarization have made it possible to observe enhanced NMR of surfaces and, most recently, the selective "lighting up" of solution NMR and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) by means of laser-polarized xenon. His research has had, and continues to have, impact from nanometers to meters and from materials to biomedicine. In 1991, Prof. Pines was awarded the Wolf Prize in Chemistry. His other awards include: the ACS Baekland Award in Pure Chemistry, the ACS Nobel Signature Award for Graduate Education, the ACS Harrison Howe Award of the Rochester Section, the DOE Ernest O. Lawrence Award, the Pittsburgh Spectroscopy Award, the Bourke Medal of the Royal Society of Chemistry, the ACS Langmuir Award, the Distinguished Teaching Award of the University of California, and the Robert Foster Cherry Great Teacher Award of Baylor University. Two of his patents have been recognized by R&D-100 Awards. Prof. Pines is a member of the National Academy of Sciences, a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (London), and past President of the International Society of Magnetic Resonance. Among his many Lectureships, Prof. Pines has been Joliot-Curie Professor at the Ecole Superieure de Physique et Chimie in Paris, Hinshelwood Lecturer at Oxford University, Centenary Lecturer of the Royal Society of Chemistry and Loeb Lecturer in Physics at Harvard University. He has received honorary doctorates from the University of Paris and the University of Rome. After completing his undergraduate studies in mathematics and chemistry in Israel in 1967, he came to the United States in 1968, obtained his Ph.D. in Chemical Physics and the Research Laboratory of Electronics at M.I.T. and joined the Berkeley faculty in 1972.

Dr. Rich is a founder of Alkermes and has been a director of Alkermes since 1987. Dr. Rich has been a professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology since 1958, and is the William Thompson Sedgwick Professor of Biophysics and Biochemistry. Dr. Rich earned both an A.B. (magna cum laude) and an M.D. (cum laude) from Harvard University. Dr. Rich is a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Rich is Co-Chairman of the Board of Directors of Repligen Corporation, Inc. and a member of the Board of Directors for Profectus Biosciences, Inc.

ALFRED G. GILMAN, M.D., Ph.D., 67, a co-founder of the Company, has been a Director of the Company since July 1990. Dr. Gilman has served as executive vice president for academic affairs and provost of the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas and dean of the University of Texas Southwestern Medical School since 2005 and has held the Raymond and Ellen Willie Distinguished Chair in Molecular Neuropharmacology at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical School since 1987. Dr. Gilman is a member of the National Academy of Sciences, and he received the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1994. Dr. Gilman is a member of the Board of Directors of Eli Lilly & Company.

Dr. Sommer has published 5 books and over 300 scientific articles and has chaired scientific and advisory committees of the National Institutes of Health, the World Health Organization, UNICEF, the International Vitamin A Consultative Group (IVACG), the Edna McConnell Clark Foundation, the American Academy of Ophthalmology, and the World Economic Forum. He has received numerous awards, including the Albert Lasker Award for Clinical Research; the Helmut Horten Medical Research Award; the Charles A. Dana Award for Pioneering Achievements in Health; the Prince Mahidol Award (from His Majesty the King of Thailand); the Warren Alpert Foundation Prize; the Joseph E. Smadel Award of the Infectious Diseases Society of America; the Danone International Prize for Nutrition; the Lucien Howe Medal of the American Ophthalmological Society; the Bristol-Meyers Squibb/Mead Johnson Award for Distinguished Achievement in Nutrition Research; and the Duke Elder International Gold Medal for Contributions to Ophthalmology. He has delivered over 30 named lectureships, including the Jackson Memorial Lecture (American Academy of Ophthalmology), Duke Elder Oration (Royal College of Ophthalmologists), De Schweinitz Lecture (College of Physicians, Philadelphia), Dohlman Lecture (Harvard Medical School), Doyne Lecture (Oxford Ophthalmologic Congress), and the Kimura Lecture (University of California, San Francisco), among others. Dr. Sommer is a member of both the National Academy of Sciences and its Institute of Medicine; is Past President of the Association of Schools of Public Health; and holds the 19th Chair of the Academia Ophthalmologica Internationalis.

Dr. Amy K. Glasmeier holds a professional master's degree and a Ph.D. in city and regional planning from the University of California@Berkeley. Dr. Glasmeier is the director of the Center on Trade, Technology, and Economic Growth, Institute for Policy Research and Evaluation, The Pennsylvania State University. The center conducts research on the implications of globalization for local and state economies. In 1996B1998, she was the John D. Whisman Scholar for the Appalachian Regional Commission, where she provided policy analysis and advice on regional economic development and poverty alleviation. Dr. Glasmeier has published three books on international industrial and economic development, including High Tech America (1986), The High-Tech Potential: Economic Development in Rural America (1991), and From Combines to Computers: Rural Services Development in the Age of Information Technology (1995), and more than 50 scholarly articles. Her popular writings include Global Squeeze on Rural America: Opportunities, Threats, and Challenges From NAFTA, GATT, and Processes of Globalization (1994), and Branch Plants and Rural Development in the Age of Globalization (1995). She has served as a consultant with the Economic Development Administration of the U.S. Department of Commerce, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, the Congressional Office of Technology Assessment, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), the U.S. Department of Transportation, and the Regional Government of Emilia Romagna, Italy. She currently is a member of the National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council Board on the Constructed Environment. She has testified before the United States Congress and the Pennsylvania House of Representatives on issues related to international trade, globalization, economic development, and poverty alleviation. Her current research focuses on community impacts of globalization, regional development, poverty alleviation, and industrial change.

Arnold J. Levine, Ph.D., is a Professor at The Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson School of Medicine and a Professor at the Institute for Advanced Study. From 1998 - 2002, Dr. Levine was President of Rockefeller University. Prior to joining Rockefeller University, Dr. Levine was the Harry C. Weiss Professor in the Life Sciences and Chairman of the Department of Molecular Biology at Princeton University from 1984 - 1996. Dr. Levine also serves as a Director of Theravance, Inc. and Applera Corporation, publicly traded life science companies. Dr. Levine received a B.A. in Biology from Harpur College, State University of New York at Binghamton and a Ph.D. in Microbiology from the University of Pennsylvania.

Arthur B. Pardee, Ph.D. is Professor of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology Emeritus at the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School. A scientist of international stature, Dr. Pardee is a world-recognized authority on the cell cycle and regulations. He has made numerous seminal discoveries related to the cell cycle, including discovery of the restriction (“R”) cellular checkpoint in the G1 phase of the cell cycle, invention of differential display, allosteric regulation, feedback inhibition and transcription regulation. Dr. Pardee is a member of the National Academy of Sciences and the recipient of numerous national and international scientific awards.

Arthur Jaffe, who is a Professor of Mathematics and Physics at Harvard University, is President of the Clay Mathematical Institute. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences and former President of the American Mathematical Society.

Arthur R. Kantrowitz, Retired Professor of Engineering, earned his B.S., M.A., and Ph.D. degrees in physics at Columbia University. He taught aeronautical engineering and engineering physics at Cornell for ten years, and then founded and was CEO of the Avco Everett Research Laboratory. He is a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the American Physical Society, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and the American Astronautical Society, an honorary fellow of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, and a member of the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering. He is a Fulbright and Guggenheim Fellow, and recipient of the Roosevelt Medal of Honor for Distinguished Service in Science. He is an honorary trustee of the University of Rochester, an honorary life member of the Board of Governors of The Technion, and an honorary professor of the Huazhong Institute of Technology in Wuhan, China. He holds 21 patents, has authored or coauthored some 200 scientific and professional papers and articles. He is a director of the Hertz Foundation and a former member of the advisory board to television's popular "Nova" program. He has served our government on advisory boards to the Ford White House, the Department of Commerce, NASA, the General Accounting Office, and the National Science Foundation.

Prof. Aziz Sancar is Sarah Graham Kenan Professor of Biochemistry and Biophysics at the University of North Carolina School of Medicine. He was Born in Savur-Mardin, Turkey in 1946. He obtained his primary and secondary education in Savur and Mardin, and then received an M.D. degree in 1969 from the Istanbul University School of Medicine. After practicing medicine in Savur for two years he attended the University of Texas at Dallas and obtained a Ph.D. degree in Molecular Biology in 1977 with his work on a DNA repair enzyme called "photolyase". Dr.Sancar conducted postdoctoral work at Yale university on another DNA repair enzyme called "excinuclease" in the period 1977-1982. He joined the Department of Biocemistry and Biophysics at UNC Chapel Hill in 1997. Dr. Sancar is currently conducting research on DNA Repair, Cell Cycle Checkpoints, Cryptochrome and the Circadian Clock. He has published 279 research articles and 32 book chapters. Prof. Sancar is a Member of the National Academy of Sciences, USA and the recipient of the prestigious Vehbi Koc Award from the Koc Foundation of Turkey in 2007. Dr. Sancar is also the President of AGS Foundation, which sponsors the Turk Evi of Chapel Hill for UNC students. Aziz lives in Chapell Hill with his wife Gwen.

Bert Vogelstein, M.D. is a Professor of Oncology at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and an investigator of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. Dr. Vogelstein has been one of the most cited researchers over the past decade and has received numerous awards for his work in studying the molecular basis of cancer. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences. Dr. Vogelstein is a co-inventor of morphogenics and his knowledge in the molecular basis of genetic diversity serve as a valuable resource for Morphotek's platform technology. Participation by Dr. Vogelstein as advisor does not constitute or imply endorsement by Johns Hopkins University or its affiliates.

Prof. Britton Chance, Chairman of the Advisory Board, is the founder and patent holder of the key technology. He obtained two doctorates of philosophy, one in physical chemistry from the University of Pennsylvania (Philadelphia, PA) in 1940, and the other in biology and physiology from Cambridge University (Cambridge, UK) in 1943. Between 1941 and 1945, Dr. Chance was involved in the war effort, focusing on radar. He went to the MIT Radiation Lab and was named group leader of the Precision Circuits Section of the Receiver Components group in 1943 and was elected to the steering committee. By 1945 he was associate director of Lee Haworth's division of the Radiation Lab. Among Dr. Chance's achievements were the development of precision circuits to measure the submicrosecond time delays between the emission of a radar pulse and the detection of its echo. This device provided critical ranging information for anti-aircraft gun-pointing systems. His contributions to the development of radar were recognized in 1950, when he received the Presidential Certificate of Merit. Since 1949 Dr. Chance has been Professor of Biophysics and Director of the Eldridge Reeves Johnson Foundation for Medical Physics at the University of Pennsylvania (USA). He has published more than 2,000 scientific articles and numerous books covering many fields of biochemistry, biophysics and physiology. Dr. Chance is a leading researcher in biochemistry and biophysics whose contributions have opened new fields and have sharpened and changed the way researchers think about old problems. Dr. Chance's research extends into other fields of science, particularly electronics, clinical medicine, and physics. Throughout his career, he has attained groundbreaking ideas and techniques from the whole of science and redirected the effort toward a critical problem that benefits from his integrating approach. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences and of the Institute of Medicine and is a Foreign Member of the Royal Society of London. Among many other recognitions, he has received the National Medal of Science, the Benjamin Franklin Medal from the American Philosophical Society, the Biological Physics Prize from the American Physical Society, and honorary degrees from the Karolinska Institut, the Medical College of Ohio at Toledo, Semmelweis University, Hahnemann Medical College and the Universities of Pennsylvania, Helsinki, Dusseldorf and Buenos Aires.

Dr. Cantor is Chief Scientific Officer and Chairman of the Scientific Advisory Board for Sequenom joining them in 1998. In May 2000, Dr. Cantor was appointed to the Company's board of directors. He was previously the chair and professor of the department of biomedical engineering and biophysics, and Director of the Center for Advanced Biotechnology at Boston University. Prior to that time, Dr. Cantor held positions at Columbia University and the University of California, Berkeley. He was also Director of the Human Genome Center Project of the Department of Energy at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. A world-renowned scientist, Dr. Cantor is a consultant to more than 16 biotech firms, has published more than 400 peer reviewed articles, been granted 54 US patents, and co-authored a three-volume textbook on Biophysical Chemistry. He published the first textbook on genomics entitled, Genomics: The Science and Technology of the Human Genome Project.

Dr. Charles Rice is a Maurice R. and Corinne P. Greenberg Professor at Rockefeller University, where he serves as the Head of the Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease and as the Scientific and Executive Director of the Center for the Study of Hepatitis C. A preeminent expert in the field of animal RNA virus replication and pathogenesis, Dr. Rice has made important contributions to the understanding of the mechanisms regulating RNA virus replication and transcription, building on alphavirus models. He has also worked on flaviviruses such as the yellow fever and hepatitis C viruses, and successfully made the first functional cDNA clone of the latter. Dr. Rice recently accepted a position at Rockefeller University to direct a new clinical and basic science research center being established to concentrate on hepatitis C. Dr. Rice earned his undergraduate degree in zoology from the University of California, Davis and later completed his Ph.D. in biochemistry and postdoctoral work at Cal Tech. He is now a Member of the National Academy of Sciences (2005).

Dr. Benes described the work of the final speaker, Christopher A. Walsh, M.D., Ph.D., as an appropriate follow-up to Dr. Kuperberg's: he is mapping the genes involved in the development of the cerebral cortex to try to understand the disruptions that underlie developmental brain disorders. Dr. Walsh is chief of the division of genetics at Children's Hospital, Boston, chief of neurogenetics in the department of neurology at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute/Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Bullard Professor of Neurology at Harvard Medical School, and director of its combined M.D.-Ph.D. program. His work has garnered widespread recognition, including a NARSAD Independent Investigator Award in 1998. Dr. Walsh began by stressing that disorders related to malfunction of the cerebral cortex, such as mental retardation, learning disorders, epilepsy, autism and schizophrenia, are all more or less genetically based and extremely complex. To get a handle on the problem, he and his colleagues started by studying simpler abnormalities of the cortex related to size or gray-matter folding, working mostly with patients in the Middle East, where populations tend to be more isolated, marriage between relatives is common and families large, thus providing a large and relatively homogeneous genetic pool. Through this research, Dr. Walsh stated, his team has identified many previously unknown syndromes and defined a number of them genetically. The findings from this research eventually led Dr. Walsh to contemplate the more complex challenge of autism. While twin studies and other evidence point to autism as a highly genetic disorder, Dr. Walsh explained that it has been very difficult to correlate its clinical symptoms with specific genes. Many genes are thought to be involved and different families with autistic members tend to show different genetic profiles. There are known chromosomal defects associated with the disorder, and probably complex multigenic interactions, none of which, he said, has been defined.

Corey S. Goodman, PhD is President, Chief Executive Officer, Director and co-founder of Renovis, Inc., a biopharmaceutical company developing drugs to treat stroke, chronic neurological diseases and pain. Dr. Goodman is concurrently an adjunct professor of neurobiology at the University of California, Berkeley. Previously, Dr. Goodman was a co-founder of Exelixis, Inc.; a professor of neurobiology and genetics at the University of California, Berkeley for 18 years; and a professor of biology at Stanford for 8 years. At Berkeley, Dr. Goodman was the Evan Rauch Professor of Neuroscience, the Director and co-founder of the Wills Neuroscience Institute and an Investigator with the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. He is Vice President of the McKnight Endowment Fund for Neuroscience and is a member of the BayBio board and the Biotechnology Industry Organization ECS board. Dr. Goodman received a BS in Biology from Stanford University and a PhD in Neurobiology from the University of California, Berkeley.

Craig C. Mello, Ph.D., has served as the Chairman of our Scientific Advisory Board since February 2007. Dr. Mello, co recipient of the 2006 Nobel Prize in Medicine for RNAi, co-discovered RNAi and co-invented RNAi therapeutics. Dr. Mello is the Blais University Chair in Molecular Medicine at the University of Massachusetts Medical School, a Howard Hughes Investigator and a member of the National Academy of Sciences. In 2006, he was named the inaugural recipient of The Dr. Paul Janssen Award for Biomedical Research by Johnson & Johnson and was the co-recipient of the Paul Ehrlich and Ludwig Darmstaedter Prize. Dr. Mello was also the co-recipient of the National Academy of Sciences’ Award in Molecular Biology and the Wiley Prize in the Biomedical Sciences from Rockefeller University in 2003. He was a postdoctoral fellow at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and in 1995, was named a Pew Scholar in the Biomedical Sciences. Dr. Mello received his B.S. in Biochemistry from Brown University in 1982 and his Ph.D. in Cellular and Developmental Biology from Harvard University in 1990.

Dan Hartl is a scientist and educator. He is currently the Higgins Professor of Biology in the Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology at Harvard University. His research interests include evolutionary genomics, molecular evolution and population genetics. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.

Renowned educator and pioneer of modern genetics, Dr. David Botstein is the Anthony B. Evnin Professor of Genomic and Director of the Lewis-Siglar Institute of Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, which is charged with building on the advances of major genome projects. Widely credited with the fundamental contributions he has made to the field of genetics, Dr. Botstein and three colleagues proposed a method for mapping genes that laid the groundwork for the Human Genome Project more than 20 years ago. Their paper describing the technique has been called 'the beginning of modern human genetics'. Dr. Botstein received a bachelor's degree from Harvard University and a doctoral degree from University of Michigan. He spent the years 1967 1988 at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), including his post as Professor of Genetics. After spending two years with Genentech as Vice President Science, Dr. Botstein joined the faculty at Stanford School of Medicine, where he was Stanford Ascherman, MD, Professor and Chairman of the Department of Genetics until 2003. He is a member of National Academy of Sciences and the Institute of Medicine.

Dr. Kipnis is the Distinguished University Professor of Medicine and Professor of Molecular Biology and Pharmacology at Washington University School of Medicine. Prior to this appointment, he was the Adolphus Busch Chair of the Department of Medicine at Washington University and Physician-in-Chief at Barnes Hospital from 1972-1992. A member of the National Academy of Sciences, the Institute of Medicine and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Dr. Kipnis is a pioneer in diabetes research and molecular endocrinology. Dr. Kipnis has received the George M. Kober Medal from the Association of American Physicians, the Ernest Oppenheimer Award from the Endocrine Society and the Lilly Award and Banting Medal from the American Diabetes Association.

David Morse Livingston, M.D., is Deputy Director of the Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center; Chief of The Charles A. Dana Division of Human Cancer Genetic at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and the Emil Frei Professor of Genetics and Medicine at Harvard Medical School. From 1996 to 2000, he served as Chairman of the Executive Committee for Research at the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (DFCI) and he resumed that post in 2005. In this capacity, he leads the senior faculty group that oversees all aspects of the Institute's research program. From 1991 to 1995, Dr. Livingston served as Director and Physician-in-Chief at DFCI. During the period 1995 to 1999, he served as the first chair of the Board of Scientific Advisors of the National Cancer Institute and as a member of the Institute's Executive Committee. Dr. Livingston is an internationally recognized expert on genes that regulate cell growth in the body -- genes that, when they go awry, can lead to cancer. These genes are called oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. Through his research, Dr. Livingston is working to uncover the detailed biochemical steps required to initiate and maintain the transformation of these cells into tumor cells. His focus is on the regulatory controls of signal transduction -- the smooth and coordinated flow of special chemical signals from the surrounding environment to the cell and within cells themselves where they are transduced into specific commands that tell cells whether or not to grow. Dr. Livingston received his B.A. from Harvard University (1961, cum laude), an M.D. from Tufts University School of Medicine (1965, magna cum laude), and served his internship and residency in internal medicine at the Peter Bent Brigham Hospital in Boston, now Brigham and Women's Hospital. In 1967, he became a Research Associate at the National Cancer Institute (NCI) in molecular biology and biochemistry; he continued his work as a Research Fellow in Biological Chemistry at Harvard Medical School in 1969. Dr. Livingston returned to NCI in 1971 as a Senior Staff Fellow and later became a Senior Investigator. In 1973, he joined the Harvard faculty as Assistant Professor of Medicine at DFCI and has been a faculty member continuously since. Dr. Livingston is the recipient of numerous awards and honors, including Tufts University anatomy, pathology, and top class rank prizes and Dana-Farber's Claire W. and Richard P. Morse Research Award. In 1990, he was elected to the Institute of Medicine, National Academy of Sciences. In 1995, he was elected to the National Academy of Sciences. In 2001, he was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. In 1997, he was the recipient of the Award for Distinguished Research in the Biomedical Sciences, sponsored by the Association of American Medical Colleges. Also in 1997, Dr. Livingston was a recipient of the Brinker International Award for Breast Cancer Research, presented by The Susan G. Komen Breast Cancer Foundation for Outstanding Achievements in the Field of Breast Cancer Research. In 2001, he received the Lila Gruber Cancer Research Award presented by the American Academy of Dermatology. He has also received the AACR-G.H.A. Clowes Award (2005) and the Boveri Award (2005) from the German Cancer Society. Dr. Livingston sits on the editorial boards of Molecular Cell, Genes and Development, Cell Growth & Differentiation, and Molecular and Cellular Biology. He is a member of the Association of American Physicians, the American Society for Clinical Investigation, the American Society for Microbiology, and the American Academy of Microbiology. Dr. Livingston has authored more than 190 scientific publications.

David Mechanic is the Rene Dubos University Professor of Behavioral Sciences and Director of the Institute for Health, Health Care Policy, and Aging Research at Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey. His research and writing deal with social aspects of health and health care. David Mechanic received his Ph.D. from Stanford and joined the University of Wisconsin faculty in 1960, where he was chair of the Department of Sociology (1968-1970), the John Bascom Professor of Sociology (1973-1979) and Director of the Center for Medical Sociology and Health Services Research (1972-1979). He moved to Rutgers University in 1979, was Dean of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences (1980-1984), directed the NIMH Center at Rutgers for Research on the Organization and Financing of Care for the Severely Mentally Ill (1988-2004) and established the Rutgers Institute for Health, Health Care Policy, and Aging Research (1985) which he directs. He also serves as the Director of the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation's Investigator Awards in Health Policy Research Program. Dr. Mechanic is a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and the Institute of Medicine. He has served on numerous panels of the National Academy of Sciences, federal agencies and non-profit organizations. David Mechanic has received many awards including the Health Services Research Prize from the Association of University Programs in Health Administration and the Baxter Allegiance Foundation, the Distinguished Investigator Award from the Association for Health Services Research, the Rema Lapouse Award and the First Carl Taube Award for Distinguished Contributions to Mental Health Services Research from the American Public Health Association, and the Distinguished Career Award for the Practice of Sociology, Distinguished Medical Sociologist Award and Lifetime Contributions Award in Mental Health from the American Sociological Association. He also received the Benjamin Rush Award (and Lecture) from the American Psychiatric Association (2004) and was selected for the Inaugural Lecture and Award in the Behavioral and Social Sciences honoring Matilda White Riley at the NIH (2006). He has been a Guggenheim Fellow and Fellow at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences at Stanford. He has written or edited 30 books and approximately 400 research articles, chapters and other publications in medical sociology, health policy, health services research, and the social and behavioral sciences. Among his books are Mental Health and Social Policy: Beyond Managed Care (5th Edition, 2008); The Truth About Health Care: Why Reform Is Not Working In America (2006); Policy Challenges in Modern Health Care (2005); Inescapable Decisions: The Imperatives of Health Reform (1994); Painful Choices: Research and Essays on Heath Care (1989); From Advocacy to Allocation: The Evolving American Health Care System (1986); and Future Issues in Health Care: Social Policy and the Rationing of Medical Services (1979).

Is a Professor of Medicine at Harvard Medical School and a Senior Investigator at Joslin Diabetes Center , and an Associate Member at the Broad Institute. Her laboratory works in the fields of T-cell differentiation and autoimmunity, with a special emphasis on exploiting the most advanced transgenic and gene-targeting technologies to engineer new mouse models. Her studies on T cell differentiation focus on the selection of the T-cell repertoire, in particular the cellular and molecular mechanisms of positive and negative selection and lineage commitment. Her work on autoimmunity explores the immunological mechanisms of diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis and autoimmune-polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy (APECED) using modern genetic and genomic approaches in both human patients and mouse models, and computational and bioinformatics strategies. Dr. Mathis is the co-head of the Section on Immunology and Immunogenetics at Joslin, and is the Director of the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation (JDRF) Center on Immunological Tolerance in Type 1 Diabetes at Harvard Medical School . Dr. Mathis is a member of the National Academy of Sciences, and is a recipient of numerous awards, including the Romancon Prize and the Foundation Athena Research Prize. Dr. Mathis received her doctoral Ph.D. from the University of Rochester in 1977.

Dr. Donald E. Wilson served as dean of the University of Maryland School of Medicine from September, 1991 until September 2006. He was the nation's first African-American dean of an accredited non minority medical school. In addition to serving as dean, Dr. Wilson was appointed as the University of Maryland's first Vice-President for Medical Affairs in 1999. Dr. Wilson came to Maryland after 11 years as professor and chairman of the department of medicine, State University of New York Health Science Center at Brooklyn. He was physician-in-chief of the University Hospital of Brooklyn and Kings County Hospital Center, Brooklyn. He completed his undergraduate education at Harvard University and received his medical degree from Tufts University. He is board certified in gastroenterology and internal medicine. Dr. Wilson has served as chairman of several federal committees including, the National Institute of Health's (NIH) Digestive Diseases Advisory Board, the Food and Drug Administration's Gastroenterology Drugs Advisory Committee, and the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research (Department of Health and Human Services) Advisory Council. He was also a member of the advisory committee to the director of the NIH. Dr. Wilson was chairman of the Maryland Health Care Commission from 1994-2004, one of two regulatory commissions overseeing health care in Maryland. He was also a member of the Emergency Medical Services Commission of Maryland from 1993-2006. Dr. Wilson is past chairman of the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC). In 2000-2001 he was chairman of the Council of Deans of US medical schools. He is the first African-American to hold each of these positions. He is a member of several medical/research societies, including the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences, the Association of American Physicians, and the American Clinical and Climatological Association. He is a Master of the American College of Physicians, an honor bestowed on less than 1% of members. Dr. Wilson co-founded the Association for Academic Minority Physicians in 1986. He has received numerous awards and honors, including election to membership in Alpha Omega Alpha (AOA), the national medical honors society. He now serves on the AOA board of directors and also as vice-president. Dr. Wilson received the Baltimore Urban League's Whitney M. Young, Jr. Humanitarian Award and the Boy Scouts of America Health Services Good Scout Leadership Award in 1999. In 2000 he was awarded the AAMC's first Herbert Nickens Award. In 2001 Dr. Wilson was the Crohn's and Colitis Foundation of America honoree, and he received the Monumental Medical Society's Medical Pioneer award. Dr. Wilson serves on several hospital boards, the William S. Baer Board of the Baltimore City Schools, the Baltimore Symphony Orchestra Board and the Provident Bank board. In 2001 he was named the John Z. and Akiko K. Bowers, Distinguished Professor at the University of Maryland School of Medicine. In 2003 Wilson received the prestigious Frederick Douglass Award from the University System of Maryland Board of Regents. In 2004 he received the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development's (NIH) first Extramural Associates Distinguished Service Award. In 2006 he received the National Medical Association's Distinguished Service Award. He was the first recipient of the Institutional Leadership Diversity Award from the AAMC Group on Student Affairs-Minority Affairs Section in 2006. Baltimore Magazine named him Baltimorean of the Year in 2007. Wilson also served as president of University Physicians, INC, the medical school's clinical practice organization from 1996 to 2006. Dr. Wilson has over 150 publications in the fields of internal medicine, gastroenterology, health care and medical education. He has served or is serving as editor or associate editor of several medical journals.

Douglas Abbey is considered one of the world's foremost expert on the regional airline industry based on more than 30 years of experience working in this sector. During this time, he has developed a uniquely comprehensive understanding of North American and European route development strategies. For almost two decades, he has produced the Annual Report of the US Regional Airline Association (RAA); the information in this report has recently become the statistical basis for the FAA's annual industry forecasts. He is widely cited on aviation industry issues in the general media and trade publications worldwide. In 1989 he founded the AvStat aviation consultancy where he was President prior to merging it to form the Velocity Group. In 2001, Mr. Abbey established the Regional Air Service Initiative (RASI) with the underwriting of industry manufacturers and suppliers with the goal of promoting free market growth of regional jet (RJ) service in North America. Mr. Abbey's company AvStat was formed in 1989; it was merged with two other consultancies to form The Velocity Group in 2004. Prior to establishing AvStat, Mr. Abbey was Director of Market Research at Fokker Aircraft (USA) in Alexandria, Virginia. earch Board. Mr. Abbey was also a contributor to McGraw-Hill's Handbook of Airline Economics (1995), Handbook of Airline Marketing (1998), and Handbook of Airline Strategy (2001).

Professor Douglas Massey is the former chairman of the Sociology Department at the University of Pennsylvania. He is now Professor of Sociology and Public Affairs at Princeton University. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and Past-President of the American Sociological Association and the Population Association of America.

Dr. Ausubel is a professor of Genetics at the Harvard Medical School and a professor of Molecular Biology at the Massachusetts General Hospital. Dr. Ausubel has authored over 120 publications in the field of plant molecular biology and is editor of the Current Protocols in Molecular Biology. He is an expert in host-pathogen interactions and the molecular basis for signal transduction in plants. He holds a Ph.D. in Molecular Genetics awarded by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, a B.S. in chemistry from the University of Illinois, and is a member of the National Academy of Sciences.

Dr. John Baldeschwieler received a degree in Chemical Engineering from Cornell University in 1956 and in 1959 a Ph.D. in Physical Chemistry from the University of California, Berkeley. His military service in the U.S. Army was followed by five years of teaching and research as a member of the faculty at Harvard University. In 1965, he moved to Stanford as Professor of Chemistry. During his last two years at Stanford, he was on leave of absence as Deputy Director of the Office of Science and Technology in the White House. From 1973 until the present, Professor Baldeschwieler has been at the California Institute of Technology as Professor of Chemistry, and for five years also as Chairman of the Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering. A Fellow of the National Academy of Sciences, American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the American Philosophical Society, Dr. Baldeschwieler also served on a large number of national, scientific and advisory committees, as well as on the editorial boards of several journals. He has most recently served as Chairman of the Academy Committee on Commercial Aviation Security, as an advisor to the FAA, as a member of the Presidential Commission on Gulf War Veterans Illnesses, and the National Academy of Sciences Committee on Science and Technology for Countering Terrorism, and as Co-Chairman of the National Science Foundation-US Intelligence Community Workshop On Approaches to Combating Terrorism. He was a founder of Vestar Inc. and served as Chairman of its Board of Directors until it was merged with NeXagen Inc. to form NeXstar Pharmaceuticals. He served as a Director of NeXstar until it was acquired by Gilead Pharmaceuticals Inc. He was also a founder and Director of Combion Inc. until it was acquired by Incyte Geonomics, Inc. He serves as a Managing Member of The Athenaeum Fund, as Chairman of the Board of Pasadena Entretec, and as a Director of the Huntington Medical Research Institutes, as well as several privately held companies. Dr. Baldeschwieler pioneered the utilization of nuclear magnetic resonance and double resonance spectroscopy, nuclear Overhauser effects, ion cyclotron resonance and perturbed angular correlation spectroscopy in chemical problems. His latest contributions concentrate on the use of phospholipid vesicles in cancer diagnosis and therapy, on the development of scanning tunneling and atomic force microscopy for the study of molecules on surfaces, and on novel techniques for producing combinatorial arrays of oligonucleotides. He received the 2000 National Medal of Science for his contributions to science and public service, the American Chemical Society 2001 Award for Creative Invention and the 2003 Othmer Gold Medal of the Chemical Heritage Foundation.

Paul Talalay, M.D., is the John Jacob Abel Distinguished Service Professor of Pharmacology and Director of the Laboratory for Molecular Sciences at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine in Baltimore. He also is the founder of The Brassica Chemoprotection Laboratory, which is dedicated to studying edible plants that induce protective enzyme activity in the body and may help prevent cancer development. Dr. Talalay has devoted his career to cancer research, focusing his efforts on achieving early protection against cell damage. A pioneer in the field of chemoprotective research strategies, Dr. Talalay and his colleagues devised simple cell culture methods for detecting phytochemicals which appear to boost enzymes that detoxify carcinogens in the body. This work led to the isolation of sulforaphane (found in broccoli) as a potent inducer of detoxifying phase 2 enzymes. These findings, published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA (1992), attracted worldwide attention as a major breakthrough in understanding the potential link between cruciferous vegetable consumption and reduced cancer risk. Dr. Talalay has published more than 300 papers in international scientific journals, and he holds one of the first lifetime Professorships of the American Cancer Society. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States and the American Philosophical Society, and is a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.

Leroy Hood, M.D., Ph.D. is the founder of Homestead. He is co-founder and President of the Institute for Systems Biology (ISB) in Seattle, Washington. Dr. Hood's research has focused on the study of molecular immunology, biotechnology, and genomics. Prior to his work at the ISB, Dr. Hood was the founder and Chairman of the cross-disciplinary Department of Molecular Biotechnology at the University of Washington. Dr. Hood began his professional career at Caltech where he and his colleagues pioneered four instruments the DNA gene sequencer and synthesizer, and the protein synthesizer and sequencer which comprise the technological foundation for contemporary molecular biology. Dr. Hood has also played a role in founding numerous biotechnology companies, including Amgen, Applied Biosystems, Systemix, Darwin and Rosetta. He has published more than 500 peer-reviewed papers, received 14 patents, and has co-authored textbooks in biochemistry, immunology, molecular biology, and genetics, and is a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the American Philosophical Society, the American Association of Arts and Sciences, and the Institute of Medicine.

Dr. Greenberg is currently Professor of the Microbiology Department at the University of Washington, School of Medicine, in Seattle, Washington. An expert in sociomicrobiology, Dr. Greenberg is widely credited for founding the field of quorum sensing. He holds an MS in Microbiology from the University of Iowa and a PhD in Microbiology from the University of Massachusetts. Prior to joining the University of Washington, Dr. Greenberg held professorships at Cornell University in New York and the University of Iowa, College of Medicine. Dr. Greenberg is an elected member of the National Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the American Association for the Advancement of Sciences and the American Academy of Microbiology, where he serves on the Board of Governors. He has previously served as Chief Scientific Officer for Quorum Sciences, Inc., and as a member of the Scientific Advisory Board of Integrated Genetics.

Eric R. Kandel, M.D., Chairman of the Scientific Advisory Board and Co-Founder. Dr. Kandel is a University Professor of Neurobiology at Columbia University and Senior Investigator at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. He is the recipient of the 2000 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his pioneering work in the field of learning and memory. He is the founding Director of the Center for Neurobiology and Behavior at the Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons. He is a distinguished scientist in the field of memory and learning, and has received over forty scientific awards, including the Albert Lasker Award in Basic Medical Research for his pioneering work and major contributions to the molecular biology of memory acquisition and storage. He also received the Squibb Award for Distinguished Achievement in Neuroscience Research, the Distinguished Service Award of the American Psychiatric Association, and the National Medal of Science. He has published more than than 400 peer-reviewed scientific articles on the mechanisms involved in memory and learning and is the author or co-author of seven books, including Memory, From Mind to Molecules and Principles of Neural Science, the standard textbook in the field. Dr. Kandel received his M.D. from New York University. He majored in history and literature at Harvard College.

Dr. Olson is Professor and Chairman of the Department of Molecular Biology and Oncology at the Hamon Center for Basic Cancer Research, located at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas . Dr. Olson currently holds the Nancy B. and Jake L. Hamon Distinguished Chair in Basic Cancer Research and is a member of the National Academy of Sciences. Dr. Olson is a recognized authority in developmental biology, with a specific interest in the molecular pathways controlling skeletal and heart muscle development. Dr. Olson is a scientific founder of Myogen, Inc.

Eric S. Lander, Ph.D., is a co-founder of Infinity. Dr. Lander has been a Professor and Associate Professor of Biology at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology since 1990 and a Professor of Systems Biology at Harvard Medical School since 2004. Dr. Lander has served as the founding Director of The Eli and Edythe L. Broad Institute, a biomedical research institute formed by MIT and Harvard University, since 2003 and as a member of the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research since 1989. From 1993 - 2003, Dr. Lander was the Director of the Whitehead/MIT Center for Genome Research. Dr. Lander received an A.B. in Mathematics from Princeton University and a D.Phil. in Mathematics from Oxford University, which he attended as a Rhodes Scholar.

In 1960, as a staff member of the National Radio Astronomy Observatory, he conducted the first radio search for extraterrestrial intelligence. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences where he chaired the Board of Physics and Astronomy of the National Research Council (1989-92). Frank also served as President of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. He was a Professor of Astronomy at Cornell University (1964-84) and served as the Director of the Arecibo Observatory. He is Emeritus Professor of Astronomy and Astrophysics at the University of California at Santa Cruz where he also served as Dean of Natural Sciences (1984-88).

Fred Gage, Ph.D., is Professor, Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California and Adjunct Professor, Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, California. Dr. Gage's lab was the first to discover the mammalian central nervous system stem cell. His research focus is on the development of strategies to induce recovery of function following central nervous system (CNS) damage. Dr. Gage is a co-founder of StemCells and a member of its SAB. Dr. Gage also serves on the Scientific Advisory Board of Ceregene, Inc. Dr. Gage has been the recipient of numerous awards, including the 1993 Charles A. Dana Award for Pioneering Achievements in Health and Education, the Christopher Reeves Medal, the Decade of the Brain Medal, the Max-Planck research Prize, and the Pasarow Foundation Award. In 2003, Professor Gage was elected to the National Academy of Sciences.

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