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BNET Business Dictionary
- Welfare
- the physical and mental well-being of employees, and the provision of help for those in need of assistance. Welfare embraces: physical working conditions, such as...
- Welfare definition on BNET »
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- Standards, Trade, And Development: A Quick Look At Regulation And Information Technology
- The expansion of global trade over the past few years has contributed to economic welfare, poverty reduction, and human development in important ways. Private sector-led standards - and increasingly open standards systems developed in the information technology and communications industries - promise a strong platform for continued innovation and economic...
- White papers 2007-02-03
- Privatization And Entries Of Foreign Enterprise In A Differentiated Industry
- This paper investigates whether or not privatization I beneficial from the viewpoint of social welfare in a monopolistic competition model. The relationship between the welfare effects of privatization and the degree of foreign direct investment in the private sector is discussed, which is an important problem in developing countries and...
- White papers 2007-01-09
- Welfare Enhancing Direct Investment
- This paper presents a model and condition in which an acceptance of direct investment is welfare enhancing for a developing country in a multi-commodity multi-factor framework. Contrary to the pessimistic conventional wisdom of Uzawa-Hamada-Brecher-Diaz proposition, this paper provides a justification for capital importation and the export-led growth policy in developing...
- White papers 2006-07-15
- On The Welfare Effects Of Productivity Catch-Up By Laggard Firms
- The substantial within-industry variation in firm productivity typically observed in the data suggests that there is ample scope for productivity catch-up by laggard firms. We analyse the normative effects of such catch-up. In the short run, where firms' process technologies are fixed, catch-up can reduce social welfare if the initial...
- White papers 2006-04-27
- Trade Liberalisation And Agglomeration With Firm Heterogeneity - Forward And Backward Linkages
- This paper studies the impact of trade costs reduction on geographical concentration in the presence of firm heterogeneity and overhead type of export fixed costs. Firm heterogeneity with the export fixed costs hampers full agglomeration through weakening the forward and backward linkages and fortifying the market crowding effect. Rather than...
- White papers 2006-04-01
- Welfare Implications Of Outsourcing Versus FDI In The Host Country
- Foreign Direct Investment FDI may not necessarily be the most welfare enhancing form of international sourcing. The host country may avail options like - Joint venture, technology licensing, franchising, outsourcing etc. A host country's choice of organizational form should depend on its growth and welfare effects. This paper compares the...
- White papers 2006-01-04
- Equity, Welfare, and the Setting of Trade Policy in General Equilibrium
- The paper analyzes general equilibrium relationships between trade policy and the household distribution of income, decomposing social welfare into real income level and variance components and emphasizing Gini and Atkinson indexes. They embed these inequality-adjusted social welfare functions in a general equilibrium structure mapping from tariff protection to household inequality....
- White papers 2005-10-01
- Outsourcing Versus Foreign Direct Investment: A Welfare Analysis
- Foreign direct investment may not necessarily be the most welfare enhancing form of international investment. The host country may avail options like - Joint venture, technology licensing, franchising, outsourcing etc. A host country's choice of organizational form should depend on its growth and welfare effects. This paper compares the welfare...
- White papers 2005-09-01
- Trade Policy, Income Risk, and Welfare
- This paper studies empirically the relationship between trade policy and individual income risk faced by workers, and uses the estimates of this empirical analysis to evaluate the welfare effect of trade reform. The analysis proceeds in three steps. First, longitudinal data on workers are used to estimate time-varying individual income...
- White papers 2005-03-01
- Strategic Environmental and Trade Policies With Corporate Environmentalism
- The effects of corporate environmentalism are examined in the framework of strategic environmental and trade policies. An environmentally conscious domestic firm competes with a profit maximizing foreign firm in a third-country market. When emission taxes and export subsidies are both available, the presence of an environmentally conscious firm does not...
- White papers 2005-01-01
- The Welfare Effects of Hospital Closure
- This paper measures the effect of five hospital closures on patient and total welfare. While patient welfare necessarily declines because some patients lose access to a hospital, closures also affect costs. Recent research suggests that less efficient institutions are more likely to close and that surrounding hospitals are able to...
- White papers 2005-01-01
- Generational Differences in U.S. Public Spending, 1980-2000
- The balance between spending on children and spending on the elderly is important in evaluating the allocation of public welfare spending. This report examines trends in public spending on social welfare programs for children and the elderly during 1980-2000. For both groups, social welfare spending as a percentage of gross...
- White papers 2004-10-01
- Piracy on the High C's: Music Downloading, Sales Displacement, and Social Welfare in a Sample of College Students
- The advent of unpaid downloading allows consumers to engage in a crude "do- it-yourself" form of third degree price discrimination. Based on access to the Internet and willingness to engage in file sharing, consumers segment themselves into downloaders and buyers. But that leaves various avenues for downloading to affect welfare...
- White papers 2004-10-01
- Intergenerational Equity and Public Spending
- Concerns over public spending for elders and children are not new. This paper documents a substantial divergence of social welfare spending for children and elders between 1965 and 2000. Looking to the future, the concern is that social welfare spending for children and elders will be driven more by political...
- White papers 2004-10-01
- Can Social Security Be Welfare Improving When There Is Demographic Uncertainty?
- This paper studies the welfare implications of a PAYG pension system in a neoclassical growth model with overlapping generations, demographic uncertainty and sequentially incomplete markets. In absence of public pensions, small cohorts tend to be favored by the changes in relative prices implied by fertility shocks. As described in Bohn,...
- White papers 2004-08-01
- Trade Taxes Are Expensive
- This paper examines the welfare implications of trade reforms in the presence of a government budget constraint. There is consensus about gains from opening up to trade. The less investigated question is, whether a coordinated tax reform, where the tariff revenue cuts are compensated with increases in distortionary domestic taxes,...
- White papers 2004-08-01
- Welfare Vs. Market Access: The Implications of Tariff Structure for Tariff Reform
- This paper shows that the effects of tariff changes on welfare and import volume can be fully characterized by their effects on the generalized mean and variance of the tariff distribution. Using these tools, the paper derives new results for welfare- and market-access-improving tariff changes, which imply two 'cones of...
- White papers 2004-08-01
- The Case for Controlled-Atmosphere Killing of Poultry in Transport Containers Prior to Shackling as a Means for More Humane Slaughter Rather Than Electrical Stunning
- The practice of electrically stunning poultry, which is standard in North American slaughterhouses, results in both welfare and carcass-quality problems. In terms of welfare, the many variables and frequent process failures associated with electrical stunning methods make it difficult to ensure adequate stunning and result in pain and suffering for...
- White papers 2004-05-27
- Preferential Trade Agreements And Tax Competition For Foreign Direct Investment
- This paper examines how free-trade agreements and customs unions affect the location of Foreign Direct Investment FDI and social welfare, taking into account that governments may adjust taxes and external tariffs to compete for FDI. Conditions are identified under which a free-trade agreement leads to FDI and under which this...
- White papers 2004-05-20
- Foreign Direct Investment And International Trade In A Continuum Ricardian Trade Model
- The authors has developed a continuum Ricardian trade model to capture both North - South trade and technology transfer via Foreign Direct Investment FDI by MultiNational Enterprises MNEs. It is shown that there is a unique range of products produced in the South by MNEs. In the case of an...
- White papers 2004-05-01
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